The Truth Of Aids Stigma Through The Lens Of Two...

The early days of the AIDS epidemic challenged the cartesian nature of biomedical culture. With its emphasis on empiricism, the superior biomedical mind could normally make sense of the inferior patient’s bodily concerns. In the early 80s, though, the scientific method seemed to be failing with AIDS, with no clear biological etiologic agent being identified, and rumors circulated. As the biomedical mind struggled to define and categorize AIDS, the moralistic nature of medical authority revealed itself. Instead of pathology residing in the biology of a patient, it appeared to transcend the patient’s biology and reveal deviant sexual behavior. Instead of being able to treat or study the disease, the diseased bodies were quarantined. Even when it was understood that AIDS had a viral cause, biomedicine’s quarantining practices became subtler, but still perpetuated the social stigma of AIDS patients. In this essay, I examine the nature of AIDS stigma through the lens of two biomedical professionals’ memories of the first decade of the epidemic. One such professional is Dr. M. Robert Hill, M.D. He is a retired internist of 68 years, who used to work at Missouri Baptist Medical Center in Town and Country, Missouri, and treated several AIDS patients before antiretroviral therapy was discovered. The other ethnographic source is Dr. Daniel Hanson, a current Immunology lecturer at Washington University in St. Louis, who was completing his second postdoctoral fellowship in immunology at

Essay about Storm of Steel - 1495 Words

Its a fact, when talking on the subject of war, we presume that if the generals and country leaders didnt start them, they would by no means occur. In a book like Storm of Steel by Ernst Junger, though, there seems to be one more requirement, ready and enthusiastic soldiers. Junger would have probably preferred themselves warriors or barbarians. Its within this book that Ernst Junger tells the story of a man who describes and most likely believed that the battlefront of World War I was not a awful place to be, in fact that it was a quite magnificent place to be. Without a doubt, the reader can tell that Junger feels it was an honor to able to participate in Kaiser Wilhelms war for the good of the Fatherland. Ernst Junger was simply†¦show more content†¦To be overcome by ones weakness is only human.(304) Other than by looking at the fight as something bigger than his individual story, he is able to undo his sense of being human, and is therefore able to contain his own cravin g for protection and well-being. Ernst Junger established much more than significance for the war as a whole, but somewhat found meaning for his complete existence in his book, Storm of Steel and that alone is reason enough for those in Nazi Germany to embrace him as one of their own. He was always placed in a situation that, it can be alleged that in order to stay alive, or at least survive emotionally sane, one has to think that there is a validation for war and that skirmishing in it is more than an responsibility, but an opportunity, chance, and a necessity. For the person it has to be mentally fulfilling and for a nation it means that it sharps one of its blades. Ernst informs us, ...all success springs from individual action, while the mass of troops give impetus and weight of fire.(301) If bravery is doing something notwithstanding being scared, then anyone can dispute that Ernest Junger, apart from his politics and whether or not he supports Nazi Germany, was a courageous man. Nevertheless, regardless of how dignified the reason may be, ultimately the mind has to discover a way to handle all the carnage that he describes. You can either pretend it wasnt happening as his fellow soldiers were doing, or youShow MoreRelatedStorm of Steel Paper1286 Words   |à ‚  6 Pagesï » ¿ Question #1: Should Junger s Account Be Considered A Pro or Anti War Book? October 11, 2013 This essay will try to answer the question: should Ernst Junger’s book â€Å"Storm of Steel† narrative describing his personal experiences during his service in German Army on Western Front of WW1 be consider anti or pro war? In order to answer this question it is first important to determine the fraises â€Å"pro-war† and â€Å"anti-war†. The term â€Å"pro-war† describes an attitudeRead MoreAnalysis Of Storm Of Steel 2244 Words   |  9 Pagesperiods the authors had joined in the war effort. Firstly, Ernst Jà ¼nger had joined the war in 1914, at the outbreak of war, when Europe and young soldiers were enthusiastic about fighting for their home countries. Throughout his autobiography, Storm of Steel, Jà ¼nger keeps this same outlook of heroism and pride when speaking of the war. By contrast, Erich Remarque s novel All Quiet on the Western Front, despite being a fictional account, can be said to directly reflect Remarque s opinions on theRead MoreAnalysis Of Storm Of Steel 2033 Words   |  9 Pageseager for the war, and all expected greatness. â€Å"The outbreak of the war was greeted with enthusiasm in the major cities of all the belligerent powers† (Howard, 27). Ernst Junger describes his experiences before and during the war in his book, Storm of Steel. He speaks about his negative experiences, but also promotes the positivity of the war and his German comrades. Louis Barthas describes his experiences in his book, Pouilu, mainly speaking about the negativit y he deals with while serving for theRead MoreThe Western Front And Storm Of Steel1319 Words   |  6 Pages All Quite on the Western Front and Storm of Steel are two of many influential pieces of literature that reflect World War one from a German point of view. It is important to note that All Quite on the Western Front is a work of fiction that is based on the events of the war, Were as Storm of Steel is memoir that is based on the events of Ernst Junger on the western front. Junger is criticized that he takes a positive stance on the war, were as Erich Remarque’s novel tries to show the reality behindRead MoreStorm Of Steel : A Western Heritage Review1346 Words   |  6 PagesMiranda Beals Professor Wilson History 106-27 May 6th, 2016 Storm of Steel: A Western Heritage Review In the famous war memoir, Storm of Steel, an extraordinary story is told through the eyes of an ordinary German World War I soldier. Written by German author Ernst Junger, the novel is based on Junger’s sixteen personal journals he kept during his time as as a young World War I soldier. After being edited and revised numerous times, Storm of Steel was published in 1961. Junger’s story begins with hisRead MoreWorld War I, Storm Of Steel1242 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: An overall smash hit distributed not long after the end of World War I, Storm of Steel is a diary of bewildering power, brutality, and gray lyricism. It enlightens the detestations as well as the interest of aggregate war, as seen through the eyes of a customary German warrior. Youthful, intense, devoted, additionally stunning mindful, Ernst Jà ¼nger celebrated in the Great War, which he saw as an awesome national clash as well as all the more imperatively as a special individual battleRead MoreStorm of Steel Reading Response Essay1551 Words   |  7 PagesStorm of Steel provides a memoir of the savagery and periods of beauty that Ernst Jünger’s experienced while serving the German army during the First World War. Though the account does not take a clear stand, it lacks any embedded emotional effects or horrors of the Great War that left so few soldiers who survived unaffected. Jünger is very straightforward and does remorse over any of his recollections. The dark ness of the hallucinations Jünger reports to have experienced provides subtle anti-warRead MoreSummary Of Absolute Destruction And Storm Of Steel1048 Words   |  5 Pagesbeing swiftly fought, and as a result of the prolongued fighting that actually did take place, the plan was derailed and brought to its knees. Two bodies of literature written about this time period, â€Å"Absolute Destruction† by Isabel Hull and â€Å"Storm of Steel† by Ernst Junger, both take a look at the events surrounding the creation and destruction of this plan, as well as how it was executed throughout by the soldiers that fought it. Both of these books detail these events very differently; While IsabelRead MoreStorm of Steel vs All Quiet on the Westen Front1023 Words   |  5 Pagesfor these men the memoirs from the war was varied on the western front within the German ranks. Two well known books written by the German men were Storm of Steel, written by Ernest Junger, and All Quiet on t he Western Front, written by Erich Maria Remarsque which were written on the same frontier, yet were different on many basic levels. In Storm of Steel, Junger explains the war through his own personal journal that he had written while in the war and though very patriotic and nationalistic the eventsRead MoreTornado Storm Design Model1350 Words   |  6 Pagesprovided guidance and tips for tornado protection since the 1980s; through various publications of the work and recommendations. In 2008, the International Code Council, ICC, and the National Storm Shelter Association, NSSA published the ICC 500-08 ICC/NSSA standard for the design and construction of a storm shelter. An open-ballot, consensus method produced this standard (as needed for all legal code adoptions). The updated version of the standard was published in 2014 and the commentary for the

College of William & Mary Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

The College of William Mary is a public research university with an acceptance rate of 37%. Students interested in William Mary can apply using either the Common Application or the Coalition Application. William Mary has an Early Decision program that can improve admission chances for students who are sure the school is their top choice. William Mary is one of the top colleges in the Southeast. Considering applying to William Mary? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Why the College of William & Mary? Location: Williamsburg, VirginiaCampus Features: William Marys historic 1,200-acre campus includes a lake, woodlands, and an amphitheater that can accommodate 2,000 patrons. The Sir Christopher Wren Building, built in 1700, is the oldest university building in the country that is still in use.Student/Faculty Ratio: 11:1Athletics: The William Mary Tribe teams compete in the NCAA Division I Colonial Athletic Association.Highlights: Founded in 1693, William Mary is the second oldest college in the country. Phi Beta Kappa was founded at the college, and the school is home to over 450 student clubs and organizations. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, William Mary had an acceptance rate of 37%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 37 students were admitted, making William Marys admissions process competitive. SAT Scores and Requirements The College of William Mary requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 78% admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 660 730 Math 650 760 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of William Marys admitted students fall within the top 20% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to William Mary scored between 660 and 730, while 25% scored below 660 and 25% scored above 730. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 650 and 760, while 25% scored below 650 and 25% scored above 760. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1490 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at the College of William Mary. Requirements William Mary does not require the SAT writing section. Note that William Mary participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. At the College of William Mary, SAT Subject tests are optional. ACT Scores and Requirements William Mary requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 39% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 31 35 Math 27 32 Composite 30 33 This admissions data tells us that most of the College of William Marys admitted students fall within the top 7% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to William Mary received a composite ACT score between 30 and 33, while 25% scored above 33 and 25% scored below 30. Requirements Note that William Mary does not superscore ACT results; your highest composite ACT score will be considered. The College of William Mary does not require the ACT writing section. GPA In 2018, the average high school GPA for incoming William Mary freshman was 4.24. Over 94% of William Mary incoming freshman had a GPA of 3.75 or higher, and 77% were in the top 10% of their high school class. These results suggest that most successful applicants to William Mary have primarily A grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph College of William Mary Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Â  Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to the College of William Mary. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances William Mary has a competitive admissions pool with a low acceptance rate and high average SAT/ACT scores. However, William Mary has a holistic admissions process involving other factors beyond your grades and test scores. A strong application essay and glowing letters of recommendation can strengthen your application, as can participation in meaningful extracurricular activities and a rigorous course schedule. While not required, applicants can add to their application profile by submitting an optional teacher evaluation form and participating in an optional on-campus interview. Students with particularly compelling stories or achievements can still receive serious consideration even if their test scores are outside of William Marys average range. In the graph above, the green and blue dots represent accepted students. As the data show, the majority of accepted students had an A average, an SAT score (ERWM) above 1250, and an ACT composite score of 27 or higher. Chances of admission improve as those numbers go up. If You Like William Mary, You May Also Like These Schools Applicants to the College of William Mary tend to be highly involved and academically strong students. When it comes to public universities, they are likely to apply to other top-ranked schools such as the University of Virginia and Virginia Tech. William Mary applicants also tend to apply to strong private colleges and universities. Some popular options include Georgetown University, Wake Forest University, and Vanderbilt University. All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and the College of William Mary Undergraduate Admissions Office.

Working For The District Of Columbia Public Schools Case...

Working for the District of Columbia Public Schools (DCPS) Educational System, does not present an opportunity to evaluate its performances as a publicly traded company, due to it being a not-for-profit government organization. In as much, DCPS does normally set out strategic efforts, which are not as simple as one may view (Schmitz, 2012), by establishing and completing the list of five-year strategies (DCPS, 2017) in which can be evaluated from several key performances based on planned strategic goals set. These mapped out plans ultimately will determine how well they overall accomplish its visionary mission as a public educational institution (Schmitz, 2012). According to Schmitz (2012), realizing on these planned goals, must be†¦show more content†¦As pointed out by Schmitz (2012), how well an industry and the executives abilities to manage strategies, changes and challenges, will weigh heavy on and influence successes as well as failures, which are mapped out in Porterà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Five Forces and the very well known as â€Å"The Five P’s.† There are two larger eminent competitors and two substitutions within the education industry that DCPS must keep vigilant that creates a threat, due to rivalry and the competitiveness of receiving federal funds based first on student enrollment – these forces are attributed from Porter’s Five. One is the for-profit educational institution or private school sector – this is where prominent families would chose based on financial status or legacy; and where families also seek scholarship funding to assist in meeting paid obligation. The second and most relevant threat lies with the Public Charter School (PCS), who has picked up at least one-third of DCPS’s student population within the last 2 years – moreover, has eroded the growth of DCPS enrollment from 73,000 students in 2010, according to Ashby (2010), to around 49,000 in present 2017 (DCPS, 2017). This could eventually demise the lifecycle of the DCPS and other state-wide public schools alike. A third is the ability of new entries of increasing homeShow MoreRelatedMy Internship Pursuit Essay1733 Words   |  7 Pagestraining/orientation period or were not compatible with my schedule. Thus in finding the Urban Education Leaders Internship Program (UELIP) of the District of Columbia Public Schools (DCPS), which primarily focuses on an interest in education and public policy, I was skeptical that my interest in criminal psychology would be met. However, I quickly learned that this was not the case. Not only did my internship with DCPS indirectly appeal to my major, but it also provided me with a valuable experience in which IRead MoreCivil Rights Movement At Mid Century Essay1196 Words   |  5 PagesPritchett. Wendell E. Manning. Robert D. 2005. â€Å"A National Issue: Segregation in the District of Columbia and Civil Rights Movement at Mid-Century† This article explores the history of Washington D.C. during the post-World War II period and the impact that civil rights played in equalizing rights and opportunities for all races in the district. In several ways, the war improved Washington from a city that was rural and urban to one of the most important cities in America. It was a cityRead MoreEssay about Minority Students in Special Education Programs 1583 Words   |  7 Pagesproblem in this country because it is seen as the easy way out. Schools all over the U.S. are doing this in order to not have to properly test and evaluate students for learning problems. There have been numerous studies done on this topic, from assessing migrant students for special education programs to trying to understand why many language minority students are being put into special education programs. Data during the 1998-1999 school year showed that American Indians and Blacks were over representedRead MoreOccupational Therapy : A Diverse Field1395 Words   |  6 Pagesprimarily on children. This is mostly apparent in public school systems. Every human life is filled with occupations, meaningful everyday activities. Being a parent, friend, spouse, swimmer, or golfer are all occupations that are important to certain individuals. Occupational therapist ask, â€Å"What matters to you?† rather than â€Å"What’s the matter with you?† (AOTA). The goal of Occupational Therapy is to help children with disabilities to participate fully in school and social situations, to help people recoveringRead MoreWhat Are Lawyers?1083 Words   |  4 Pages Benjamin Franklin once said, â€Å"God works wonders now and then; behold a lawyer, an honest man.† (Brainy Quotes 1). Lawyers work hard each and every day to bring justice to this sinful world in which we live. Working full time and very long hours can be extremely stressful for lawyers, but is reflected in a pleasing salary. Students go through many long years of studying to become a lawyer and pass their bar exam. Although lawyers specialize in different ar eas, they all have the same idea in mindRead MoreCase Scenario1762 Words   |  8 PagesNAME: PROFESSOR: INSTITUTION: DATE: NURSES AND OTHER STAKEHOLDERS’ INVOLVEMENT IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPEMENTATION OF HEALTHCARE POLICY IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: CASE SCENARIO THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT BACKGROUND The argument that every American citizen should have a guaranteed healthcare cover takes two dimensions (Grover, 2007). Is it that all citizens should have access to the same level of healthcare? Or should they have a right to some minimum healthcare cover? The U.S governmentRead MoreDifferences Between Public And Community Health1220 Words   |  5 PagesPublic and community health both have a common goal which is to promote, preserve, and maintain health of individuals whether it is through entire population or group of individuals within a society. Personal health is universal term which is associated with an individual or a community that focus on health of individual(s). This paper discusses differences between public and community health along with its benefits and disadvantages. It also focuses on public health assessment as well as managementRead MoreObesity Is A Problem That Is Faced Amongst Many Individuals Across The World Essay1288 Words   |  6 Pagespsychological eff ects, because of advertisement of fast food, lack of physical activities,and parental control;which has made food become a major health issue in many young teenager s lives today. Although in some cases there are some genetic or hormonal causes of childhood obesity, in most cases excess weight is due to overeating and not having the right amount of daily exercise. Children require extra calories to fuel their growth and development, if the child consumes the appropriate amount of caloriesRead MoreEmployment Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity in the Public Sector2313 Words   |  10 Pages(Grant et al. 51-53). In the public sector specifically, there are approximately one million gay and transgender individuals working in state and local governments, constituting about 5.4 percent of the public sector workforce (Burns 8). The Center for American Progress released the report â€Å"Gay and Transgender Discrimination in the Public Sector,† which examines the effects of employment discrimination on the basis of on sexual orientation and gender identity in the public sector. The report does notRead MoreThe Best Public Relations Team1177 Words   |  5 Pagesprivate meetings, five public meetings, and two photoshoots line up as if she was parting the Red Sea. She emails the head assistant to her boss to tell her what needs to be done and the times that are currently held and can be moved if needed. This woman is the leader of all of her VIP boss. His income has multiplied fifty times since she joined his team. Like a piece of granite under the hands of a skilled sculptor, his public im age slowly appeared as she refined it. The best public relations team in

Accounting Career Free Essays

Accounting Career Essay Kawanza Carey Everest Online University Strategies for Success 221 Accounting Career Essay Most people think accounting is just crunching numbers all day; everyone uses some form of accounting. There is much more to accounting than just crunching numbers. There are many types of accountants, covering a wide range of the business world, becoming an accountant opens a wide range of career opportunities. We will write a custom essay sample on Accounting Career or any similar topic only for you Order Now I want to become an accountant because it’s something that I’m familiar with since I prepare tax returns. Math has always been my favorite subject I enjoy working with numbers. Accountants help to ensure that firms run efficiently, taxes are paid properly and on time and public records are kept accurately. They analyze financial information for all different types of companies, individual clients, and Federal, State, and local governments. Beyond doing the basic tasks; providing information to clients by preparing , analyzing, and verifying financial documents; some accountants offer budget analysis, financial and investment planning, information technology consulting, and limited legal services. There are four major fields of accounting and auditing: public accounting, management accounting, government accounting, and internal auditing. Public accountants perform a broad range of accounting, auditing, tax, and consulting activities for their clients. Some public accountants decide to prepare tax returns while others offer advice in areas such as compensation. Public accountants; many who are Certified Public Accountants (CPAs), generally have their own businesses or work for public accounting firms. Management accountants are responsible for budgeting, performance evaluation, cost management, and asset management. They analyze and interpret the financial information that corporate executives need to make sound decisions. Government accountants and auditors work in the public sector, maintaining and examining the records of the government agencies and auditing private businesses and individuals whose activities are subject to government regulations or taxation. Those employed y the Federal Government may work as Internal Revenue Service agents or in financial management, financial institution examination, or budget analysis and administration. Internal auditors verify the effectiveness of their organization’s internal controls and check for mismanagement, waste, or fraud. They examine and evaluate their firms’ financial and information systems, management procedures, and internal controls to ensure that records are accurate and controls are adequate. Most accountants work in an office setting while other may be able to do part of their work at home. They work a 40-hour week job, but some may work longer hours if self-employed and have quite a few clients. During the tax season tax specialist often work longer hours. Accounting, bookkeeping, and auditing clerk are required to have a high school degree at minimum. Having an associate degree in business or accounting is required for some positions. Accountants and auditors need at least a bachelor’s degree in accounting or a related field. Some employers prefer applicants with a master’s degree in accounting or business administration. An accounting clerk should be very comfortable with working with numbers, enjoy routine because you’re going to be doing the same thing daily. Other personality characteristics to be a successful accounting clerk are computer literate, great communication skills, and ethical. You have to be professional at all time because there may be a lot of irate clients upset about getting audited. If math is your favorite subject and you get along with everybody then being an accountant is a great career for you. Each year, numerous jobs will become available, as clerks transfer to other occupations or leave the labor force. There would be many opportunities for temporary and part-time work. Clerks who can carry out a wider range of accounting activities will be in greater demand than specialized clerks. An example is the demand for full-charge bookkeeper is expected to increase, because they can perform a wider variety of financial transactions. Certified Bookkeepers (CBs) and those with several years of accounting or bookkeeping experience who have demonstrates that they can handle a range of tasks will have the best job prospects. Accountants will always be in demand so I hope to be successful when I complete my degree. (n. d. ) References General Accountant Certified General Accountant Board †¦ (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://certifiedgeneralaccountant. org/ Accountants and Auditors. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. bls. gov/oco/ocos001. htm Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. bls. gov/oco/ocos144. htm How to cite Accounting Career, Papers

Philosophies Of Punishment And Impact Of Punitive †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Philosophies Of Punishment And Impact Of Punitive. Answer: Five philosophies of punishment are practiced in criminal justice system; rehabilitation, deterrence, retribution, incapacitation and restoration with a philosophy for preventing criminal offenses to occur. Deterrence tries to convince individuals not to violate laws or commit crimes. Rehabilitation explains that crime is committed by sick person or criminal due to psychological or physical problems therefore need to be rehabilitated and released from prison. Incapacitation explains that it is important to isolate offenders to prevent crimes from society and should be kept in prisons. Retribution justifies punishment described as penalty being a concept in criminal punishment. This theory explains that offender need to be punished by taking away their opportunities gained through illegal or criminal acts. Finally, restoration explains that when a crime is committed, criminal offender need to pay for the loss of property or any damage caused (Harrison 1990). These theories are applied by judges while sentencing offenders and use penalties suiting the criminal offense without any influence from political, social, ethical or moral factors. Modernism is the recap of all economic, social and political changes that took place in prison in the face of punishment. As explained by Cohen 1986, prison is a mechanism of progress in the civilising process. In context to modernism, during the 18th century (1750s-1970s), liberalism was defined by utilitarian aspects of punishment justified as offenders who broke social contract. Later, penal modernism moved from punishment of body to imprisonment being the main form of punishment for offenders who committed crimes. Punishment was aimed at making bad people good and makes them culturally acceptable inflicting punishment of the body. During the 18th and 19th century, the modern society viewed punishment through which reproach or disapproval is expressed (Cohen-Charash and Spector 2001). Punishment inside prison is not aimed at causing pain rather convey a strong signal to offender that pain is the repercussion or consequence of punishment, although not an essential element. The theo ry of politics of punitiveness posits that states political environment greatly influence the degree to which it incarcerate citizens, political determinants of state being conditional. From political psychology, punitiveness is grounded popular idea of conservative moral values and concerns in collective cohesion and security. Conservatism is embedded in ideology of punishment suggesting that people commit crime that lack self-control and moral conscience and harsh punishment can help to bring them on the right track (Simon and Feeley 2003). The impact of punitive attitudes and dangerous states of public and government is that punitiveness towards crime is hypothesized to act decisively in period of relative uncertainty. From the sociological perspective, it is argued that public attitude towards punitive is influenced by dynamics of socio-economic structure. The politicians assume that public is becoming punitive towards crime that is being over-estimated. Policy makers assume that individual differences in attitudes of people are due to psychological factors. The socio-demographic factors play a role in understanding the impact of crime and punishment. Conservatism also plays an important role in influencing public attitudes towards punitive having an impact as convicted criminals should be punished through tougher prison sentences rather than rehabilitating offenders (Christie and Hanna 2006). The legitimacy of punitive response to people who are disadvantaged illustrates idea of discrimination and stigma that does not alien with law. Stigma is negative leading to punitive response where it is related to conviction and unjustified stigma having a negative conviction towards offenders. There is stigma being legitimate associated with disadvantaged situations, examples of actions that are of criminal nature. Offenders are being stigmatized and racism prevails rooted in the society rather than individual behaviour. The legitimate antenna is tuned towards unjustifiable stigma arising from arbitrary ascription of negative attitude that results in social punitive response leading to persistent disadvantage to people. This depicts that public response to situations of disadvantaged is punitive (Carrabine and Longhurst 1998). Diverse punishment is embedded in the concept where different legislation and communities choose various types of punishment for punishing criminals differently. These punishments may be either majorly offensive to some people or may be not to others. Military discipline and punishment makes a difference between an army and a mob. This form of behaviour are the consequences of indoctrination and training that is designed ensuring compliance to orders among groups and individuals creating and maintaining cohesion in military. Discipline is the important factor that holds armies together, loyalty towards comrades and unit and leadership (Weber 2017). Court consultation is conference between attorney and counsel engaged in understanding the cause of the case, arrangement of proofs and removal of difficulties during case examination. Final assessment is the way evidence and statements of witnesses are examined to give the final judgment on the case whether to support or reject the proofs in consultation with plaintiffs witness. References Carrabine, E. and Longhurst, B., 1998. Gender and prison organisation: Some comments on masculinities and prison management.The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice,37(2), pp.161-176. Christie, C.J. and Hanna, R.M., 2006. A Push down the Road of Good Corporate Citizenship: The Deferred Prosecution Agreement between the US Attorney for the District of New Jersey and the Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.Am. Crim. L. Rev.,43, p.1043. Cohen-Charash, Y. and Spector, P.E., 2001. The role of justice in organizations: A meta-analysis.Organizational behavior and human decision processes,86(2), pp.278-321. Harrison, R., 1990. State Punishment By Nicola Lacey London: Routledge, 1988, xiii+ 222 pp., 25.00. Simon, J. and Feeley, M., 2003. The form and limits of the new penology.Punishment and social control,2, pp.75-116. Weber, C.J.S., 2017. Whatever Happened to Military Good Order and Discipline?.Cleveland State Law Review,66(1), p.123.

Ethics and Professional Practice ICT

Question: Discuss about the Ethics and Professional Practice for ICT. Answer: Introduction The use of Information and Technology has been causing various issues especially in terms of ethical concerns related to the protection of personal privacy in various terms like protection of personal and intellectual property, protection of personal information, user responsibility issues, access to information and inappropriate use of information, issues of proper licenses in terms of usage of software for various applications and piracy issues. In this article, we would explore the topic: Privacy is a perennial issue. Privacy on internet and its usage has to be protected. The software companies should be aware of the usage of the personal information of various Users and the Government should also exercise proper control in establishing rules and policies in order to curb any additional and illegal usage of personal information on the internet. Exploring the usage of Information and Technology involves various malpractices related to the ethics and the technological advancements. These ethical issues are increasing with an urge to be resolved. In the present times, the usage of Information and Technology has increased drastically and has been raising various ethical questions with relation to individuals and Organizations. The major ethical issues which have been on the increasing side are intrusion into the personal privacy of a persons life, getting to know their personal information, usage of their personal passwords in relation to various transactions, invasion of personal and societal rights and value preservation. The main cause of the issue is that the present period in which we are leading our lives involves Information and Technology arena even in the cases where we are to deal with our personal and financial transactions owing to the high end development of Information and Technology. These issues can also be owed to the increase in the knowledge of the employees and willing to work in the field of Information and Technology and people becoming more developed and open in their thinking and accepting newer technologies to deal with their lives (National Security Agency 2016). The paradigm shift has led to newer ethical and judicial issues. Even before we deal with solving the issues of Information and Technology, we need to look into the concept of Information and Technology. Ethical Implications of the Usage of Information and Technology Information and Technology has a major impact on collecting and storing information which has been entered in the systems where the main ethical issue is that it stores and helps in manipulating the information and helps in providing the information simultaneously to any sources who might be trying to procure the information legally and illegally (HIPAAdvisory nd). Impact The major impact of this context is that the personal information of a person becomes available to almost any source. The usage of technology monitors any transaction of a person including their personal information. Some of these areas are Electronic monitoring of the mails and any communication which is being made by all its employees in the work environment. There could be situations where some of the personal information also could be passed to any required source and this might be stored in the company records. This is called as a panopticon phenomenon where this method gives rise to causing great concerns to the Employees that they are being monitored at all times The transmission of all types of email communication where in some situations the employees might have to share some personal information to their friends and this information is also monitored and stored in the records Integration of personal information is a common issue where some of the Companies integrate all the personal information of the people into one main database. The issue here in this context might not be the integration however it is the purpose of integration and maintenance of the personal information. Benjamin 1991 has confirmed that The US Government has taken measures to pass the Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act Shopping also poses major risks with the usage if buying cards where whenever we make a purchase using a shopping card, it stores the information in a microchip within it and it stores the complete information of the shopper. The Marketing Companies retrieve all the information from these data bases and use it to contact the Customers later Hacking has become a common trait of most of the illegal Information and Technology Users where these Hackers have the potential to get the personal information of the Users There are software which are available to decode any personal information or information related to any aspect and this is the common method which is used to hack the personal information of the Users Effects of the Growth of the Issues of Information and Technology The individuals and companies will have major effects with the type of issues Information and Technology poses where the people will suffer a loss of personal information and security and there are companies which have been established to do business with the personal information of the Consumers who use the internet technology to do any transactions (Branscomb 1994). Ethical Norms which can be applied to solve the issues with the usage of Information and Technology The ethical norms can act as standard rules and regulations which can help in solving the ethical issues and they can be formed under 3 heads like Integrity Integrity can act as the truth ethical norm where facts and information being collected should be used for appropriate reasons Declaration Norm The individuals should be given their space in order to let their information out to the companies looking for. Human Rights Norms The Individuals should be allowed to choose the extent to which their information can be shared and they should also be able to restrict the usage of their personal information. Ethical Rules Various rules and regulations can be formed in order to protect the privacy of the People using the Information and Technology. The rules and regulations should be under 2 heads like the individual rights and the legal rights. The rules which can be applied in this context are The Sites which take the personal information of the Users should declare that they would not use the information for any purpose than the one for which it has been shared for The Sites should also share the information records through email which they have been maintaining on behalf of the Users Merging of the procured Client information has to happen with the Clients permission and the Clients have to be given the access of the information to which they can log into the Central data base and procure the information which belongs to them with a set of personal user name and password (Jakobs 2009) The use of the personal information which is maintained on the records should be communicated with the users Any unnecessary personal information should not be stored in the databases even unintentionally Any personal information which has been collected in the past and is no longer useful should be destroyed on a timely basis and should be notified to the Customers The Government should regulate norms and policies with regard to framing of rules with relation to segregating the information as personal and private and the limits of personal protection which has to be maintained Information and Technology Crime Laws There are various laws with relation to solving the ethical issues of Information and Technology especially in the US where The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act 1986 has been framed in order to protect the individuals from computer and online fraud (Wjtowicz Cellary 2013).This law has been amended in 1996 by the National Information Infrastructure Protection Act which has changed various reforms and has imposed higher penalties for any such occurrences of online crime. Countries like US have taken the ethical crime punishments to a different level where they have imposed stricter punishments like 20 years imprisonment (EPIC nd). Conclusion The Organizations and Information security Professionals should help in maintaining the security through framing and implementing the security policies (Casanove Lambert 2016). The policies should also list the acceptable and nonacceptable behaviours of the employees at the work place and the policies should essentially consist of the following aspects (Averweg 2011). Laws of Discrimination The laws which are made should be essentially available to all the employees without any discrimination Review policies The Organizations should ensure that all the employees have essentially read and understood all the policies and the rules with relation to the information security The Organizations should be in a position to test and confirm that the employees have understood the rules and policies with relation to the Information and Technology Protection. Compliance documents should be signed by the employees that they have agreed to the norms in order to ensure that they would comply with the policies by their acts. All the Information and Technology Organizations should be well aware that the usage of technology raises various risks to the individual rights and protection acts. Ethics Technique Sheet What is the main component used in committing the online crime Smart Shopping Cards is a method through which the Companies and the brands collect the personal information of the Consumers and in turn give it to the Marketing Companies What is the key component of sharing as a violation to the privacy of an Individual Data is being swapped as a commodity to share the personal information of an individual or an entity Which law has amended the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986, and what did it change? The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act 1986 has been framed in order to protect the individuals from computer and online fraud. This law has been amended in 1996 by the National Information Infrastructure Protection Act which has changed various reforms and has imposed higher penalties for any such occurrences of online crime. Which law was specifically created to deal with encryption policy in the United States? Security and Freedom through Encryption Act of 1997 have changed the ways in solving any of the issues related to encryption policies in the US. What are the three general categories of unethical and illegal behavior? There are 3 categories under which unethical and illegal behaviour is caused like ignorance of the issue and ignorance of the law which prevails in order to protect the incident from taking place, accidental occurrence where the incidents happen without the knowledge of the person and intentional occurrence where the crime is committed with an intention to cause harm and damage to the Individuals and the Organizations (WTO nd). References Casanove, A Lambert, I. (2016). Effective Standardization Management in Corporate Settings (pp. 1-17). Retrieved on Sep 29th 2016. www.irma-international.org/chapter/how-corporate-standardisation-shapes-tomorrowsbusiness/141756/ Benjamin, L.M. (1991). 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Retrieved on Sep 29th 2016. www.irma-international.org/chapter/developing-internet-intranet-usage-policy/45381/ Wjtowicz, A Cellary, W .(2013). IT Policy and Ethics: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications (pp. 857-878). Retrieved on Sep 29th 2016. www.irma-international.org/chapter/access-control-model-dynamic-applications/75060/. WTO. (nd). Understanding the TRIPS Agreement. Retrieved on Sep 29th 2016. www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm7_e.htm