The Role of the Military in Nigeria Politics - 2607 Words

THE ROLE OF THE MILITARY IN NIGERIA POLITICS BY IRABOR IKECHUKWU EMMANUEL. MPA 822. THIS IS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN PARTIAL FUFILLMENT OF THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF MASTERS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (MPA). UNIVERSITY OF BENIN. LECTURER DR EBOHON JANUARY, 2012 INTRODUCTION The role of the military in Nigeria politics cannot be over looked. We are going to analyse this issue from 1966-1979, 1983-1999 and their role in present day democracy. The Federation of Nigeria, as it is known today, has never really been one homogeneous country, for its widely differing peoples and tribes. This obvious fact notwithstanding, the former colonial master decided to keep the†¦show more content†¦This simple and seemingly innocuous action broke the last thread and split the last institution symbolizing Nigerias nationhood and cohesion which had been regularly tampered with by the politicians since 1962. Apart from this, none of the other recommendations was fully implemented except nullification of the unification decree. There was tension in all the regions. Lt. Col. Ojukwu was called under the auspices of Gen. Ankrah of Ghana in Aburi, Ghana. As it turned out, all the other members of the council except Ojukwu were too thrusting, too naive or too ill - prepared for the meeting. Therefore Ojukwu scored a vital goal in his ambition. Walter Schwarz remarked : Ojukwu got his way with little effort, by being the cleverest. The aburi accor was not fully implemented by Gowon. All efforts to intervene by eminent Nigerians and well - wishers to Nigeria like Gen. Ankrah, late Emperor Hallie Selassie of Ethiopia and the late Dr Martin Luther King proved abortive. As a result of this and some other reasons,the civil warbroke out on 6th July 1967 and was fought till 10th January 1970. Gowon was praised because of the way he handled the war.But refused to leave in 1976 as promised. This made muritahla take over and promised to run a triangulate government (army, navy, airforce). His administration was short due to his assacination. This saw Obansanjor taking over from 1975 to 1979.He promised to run on his predecessors policies but failedShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Military Governance in Nigeria Essay1442 Words   |  6 PagesNigeria is an oil-rich state located in the eastern part of African. Since gaining independence in 1960, it has faced numerous regime changes. These fluctuations in stable governance have both positively and negatively affected the livelihood of the Nigerian people. The struggle for power has been a toss-up between civilian governments and militaristic dictators, each fighting to gain control of the lucrative oil reserves. As the military seeks to rid corruption from the ruling body, it has broughtRead MoreComparative Analysis of Sout h Africa and Nigeria1374 Words   |  6 PagesCOMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOUTH AFICA AND NIGERIA Africa is the second largest continent with vast resources and inhabits more than 12 percent of the world’s population. Although we know that the continent has plenty of resources, Africa remains the world’s poorest and most undeveloped continent. [1]Poverty is widespread, there is a great threat of communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. Politically, I would say that the country is unstable as there were civil and liberationRead MoreAnalysis Of Michael Ogbeidi s The First Republic1598 Words   |  7 PagesOgbeidi maintains that ‘government officials looted public funds with impunity. Federal Representative and Ministers flaunted their wealth with reckless abandon†¦ Politically, the thinking of the First Republic Nigerian leadership class was based on politics for material gain; making money and living well’. The immediate civilian regime after independence did not last long. Grand corruption was pervasive with records of abuse of office, personal material aggrandisement, kickbacks, nepotism, awardingRead MoreShell Oil in Nigeria1174 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Shell Oil in Nigeria 1. What are some of the factors explaining why corruption and bribery are so high in Nigeria? Nigeria is considered to be one of the most corrupt countries in the world. Many different forms of corruption are familiar to Nigeria including political corruption, bureaucratic corruption, electoral corruption, embezzlement, and bribery. Corruption has even been said to be a viable enterprise in Nigeria due to the involvement of citizens, government officials, and privateRead MoreNigeri A Long, Complicated And Tragic History1703 Words   |  7 PagesNigeria is known for having a long, complicated and tragic history. Since achieving independence in 1960, Nigeria has struggled to stabilize its government. Nigeria’s history is studded with military coups and corruption. The rule of numerous coups, which have occurred relatively close together over a span of about twenty nine years, make it extremely difficult for a stable form of democratic government to be created. Instead of a true democracy, Nigeria suffers under a kleptocratic government. Nigeria’sRead MoreNigerian Development : The Face Of Oil Extraction And How Mncs Such As Shell Essay1593 Words   |  7 Pagesoil state and primary exporting country, Nigeria is the largest oil exporter in Africa and the world’s tenth largest oil producer (Pyagbara 2007: 1). As of 2010, crude oil and petroleum gas accounted for approximately 80% of the country’s overall exports, totaling over $50.3 billion in revenues the next year (Pyagbara 2007: 2). Despite maintaining a lucrative resource that could arguably catalyze momentum towards economic development, poverty plagues Nigeria and continues to rise despite efforts toRead MoreRace And Gender Politics : Purple Hibiscus1487 Words   |  6 Pagesand gender politics shapes African women’s lives in the novel, Purple Hibiscus. There are three analytical dimensions that I discovered in this novel. In beginning to research the significance of race and gender politics in the African women lives, I expect to learn about, and document, the daily experience of colonialism and the ways gender politics might be crosscut by other axes of difference and inequality of class and culture. From there, I hoped to comprehend how gender politics was a reflectionRead MoreThe Neo Patrimonial State And The Capitalist Class Essay1308 Words   |  6 Pagesstate in Nigeria is characterized by a weak decentralized authority and consists of a corrupt relationship between the state and the private sector, which makes it least effective. The Fragmented-Multiclass state in India consists of a fragmented state authority and a broader class alliance which falls in between the two other states (Kohli, 2004). Successful state intervention can be identified by different methods of state intervention aimed at promoting industrialization. Ultimately, the role of differentRead MoreHow Are They Recruited?1534 Words   |  7 Pagesin the Arabic school Yusuf established in Yobe state (Okemi 2013, Babalola). Teaching these kids to learn how to perpe tuate evil in the name of God is brainwashing. How do they receive their training? History, religion and ethnicity link northern Nigeria to North Africa, the Middle East and the larger Muslim world (Babalola). Nigerian Muslims, particularly elites, travel frequently to the Middle East and Muslim Asia and are part of the struggle of ideas in which al-Qaeda and other jihadi groups alsoRead MoreThe Musical Genre Of Afrobeat1525 Words   |  7 Pagesmusic. The coming of this genre is very interesting since the man behind it has quite a story. Fela Kuti’s family background plays an interesting role in the making of Afrobeat. Fela’s father was a pastor and his mother was feminist activist active in the anti-colonial and anti- military movements in Nigeria. â€Å"So at an early age, Fela experienced politics and music in a seamless combination† (Dougan). Yet, he was sent to London for an education in medicine, however Fela registered at Trinity College’s

Essay on Are Humans Animals, Or Are They Something More

Human beings should be more than animals, but are they really? In Republic, by Plato, Antigone, by Sophocles, The Aeneid of Virgil, by Virgil, and On Justice Power and Human Nature, by Thucydides, it seems as though human beings really are nothing more than animals. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Animals are thought of as not caring about anyone but himself or herself. It is survival of the fittest, if you are not strong enough, someone else will take your place. Human should be caring for other human beings, if someone is in trouble, another human should help them. This is not the way it is in these 3 works. Humans don’t care about anyone but themselves, they kill so they can better themselves, and don’t care what happens. It seems as†¦show more content†¦Haemon is the only one in this play that does anything respectable by killing himself to show Creon that he was wrong by forbidding the burial of Polynices, and sentencing Antigone to death for burying Polynices. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Aeneid of Virgil gives some of the best examples of how humans are nothing more than animals. â€Å"Within, unholy Rage shall sit on his ferocious weapons, bound behind his back by a hundred knots of brass; he shall groan horribly with bloody lips.† (Virgil p.11) This sounds incredibly barbaric. This shows that the urge for war in ancient Rome is so strong, that it can almost not be withstood. It has to be held back with something so strong, Virgil describes it as brass. Humans are thought of as being civil, and at peace with each other. Looking for war all the time is more animal like. Animals kill other animals for food; humans are killing humans for bragging rights. All their looking for is to expand their empire. Expanding your empire is not necessary as long as it is being sustained as it is. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"Three times Achilles had dragged Hector round the walls of Troy, selling his lifeless body for gold.† (Virgil p 18) This is absolutely repulsive. Selling a dead man’s body for gold is totally not called for. Hector was Troy’s most fearless warrior. Achilles succeeded in killing him, let the man be buried, not dragged around theShow MoreRelatedAre Animals Considered Human People?1519 Words   |  7 PagesMcQuade Ryan Philosophy 1000C Professor Ring December 7, 14 Are Animals Considered Human People? One of the most controversial topics in modern philosophy revolves around the idea of non-human animals being considered human people. Controversy over what makes up an actual person has been long debated. However, society deems it as a set of characteristics. The average person normally does not realize how complicated a question this is, and in fact many scientists, philosophers, and individualsRead MoreEssay on Dr. Daedalus, Lauren Slater essay which depicts her opinions on memes1658 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Into Animals There are humans in the world that strive to become more animal like. Whether they just act like ones, or have surgical operations to look more like one, they try to become more like an animal. In her essay, Dr. Daedalus, Lauren Slater suggests that by altering our physical selves to emulate something more animal, our brains, and possibly even our souls, we become somehow more animal as well. She feels that we transform, and become more animal like every time we alter our bodyRead MoreVivisection Essay example1710 Words   |  7 PagesEvery year in the USA about 70 million animals are experimented on (Monamy 34). Almost all these animals are euthanized after they are no longer needed. But I’m not going to focus on the moral aspect of this subject because that would be a never ending argument of opinions. After doing research I found that there are more important reasons why this practice should be modified. Our government’s dependence on vivisection should be toned d own or totally replaced because it is misleading, its faultyRead MoreDo Animals Have Souls?1458 Words   |  6 PagesDecember 2012 Synthesis Prompt- Topic: Do Animals Have Souls? The definition of a soul differs from person to person. To some, what makes a human different from the rest of the animals is the soul.   Many say that since animals’ intelligence is inferior to that of a human’s, they have no soul; since the soul is what makes humans the â€Å"master species†. It is revealed that animals are simply composed differently from humans. As said by Descartes, animals act solely upon their instincts and are unableRead MoreThe Human Of Endangered Species1309 Words   |  6 Pagessources credited for the existence on Earth. The environment has provided the human race and Earth with the essentials needed and more for survival. Both living and nonliving things play a role in continuing the constant cycle that keeps everything maintained and in order. When something as small as a plant or as large as a bear is taken from the cycle of life, there are major effects that occur and bring negative problems. Humans are most likely the ones to blame for endangering these species. But globalRead MoreAnimal Testing: Pros and Cons Essay1021 Words   |  5 Pages The ethical treatment and testing on animals is a widely controversial subject in the field of zoology. Views on animal testing range from positivity to full negativity. Animals such as mice and rats have been found to have psychological and genetic similarities that relate to humans which make them perfect for the experimental trials. Before various products are put out for humans consumption, animals are the most common way for companies to see if their new inventions work. The benefits andRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing826 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal testing, although extremely debated, is something that should no longer be practiced anywhere around the world. Let’s start by taking a look at just how much animal testing is practiced in the United States as well as in other countries. The article called, â€Å"Animal Use Statistics† from the Humane Society International, says, â€Å"Only a small proportion of countries collect and publish data concern ing their use of animals for testing and research, but it is estimated that more than 115 millionRead MoreThe Importance of the Human Relationship with Animals653 Words   |  3 PagesHuman beings have always looked for similarities between themselves and other people as to gain common ground. However people also attempt to make connections between themselves and the more primal parts of nature. Animals have been along side people for centuries and them being by our side we’ve assigned them certain traits and meanings as an attempt to connect with them on a deeper level. The Egyptians treated felines as almost gods in their culture because, after domestication, they killed verminRead MoreAnimals Are The Best Of God s Creation1526 Words   |  7 PagesAs humans, we might see ourselves as empowered people. We might feel as though we are the best of god’s creation, and are more powerful than any other living organism on this earth. What makes us feel empowered to other living things, when they are as much alive as any human is? Does this mean that we are seen as something different, than any other living organisms such as an animal or is the human species animals? According to Webster, the definition of Animals is considered â€Å"a living organismRead MoreEssay on Peter Singers Views on the Killing of Animals1295 Words   |  6 Pageskilling of animals wrong? This is an issue that is currently being argued. In the world there are people who kill animals to eat them while there are others that feel that it is inhumane to kill defenseless animals. There are many factors over which animals are killed. For example, animals that are suffering due to an illness, animals that have shown to be dangerous around us, for food, and to maintain the animal’s population balanced. Some people have argued that killing animals for food is

Importance Of Audit In The Organization †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Importance Of Audit In The Organization. Answer: Introduction Information system is a system that is organized in perspective of the infrastructure that it uses. Information system basically deals with the retrieving, collecting. storage, modulation and circulation of the data that are stored in the information system. The process includes the filtering the collected data and communicate the information around the desired clients that are included in the process. To be precise the information system is the group of component is that communicate with each other in order to generate information. The main focus of the information system is to stay focused in the aspect of internal related issues than that of the external related issues of the organization. This report will discuss about the services of the organization. This report will further discuss about the uses of Information system in the organization. This report will also discuss about the general management control methodologies that are undertaken in order to control the risk that are p resent in the functioning of the project. This report will also state the different types of the application controls that are being used in the organization. This report will also provide the comparison between the General management and the application control management. This report will also provide the factors that are adequate in terms of the risk identification, assessment of the risks and the techniques that are inhibited in order to control the risk factors of the organization. This report will also discuss about the importance of Audit in the organization. Discussion: Title of the organization Freight Exchange is the name of the company with which the report will discuss about throughout the course. Service provided by the organization Freight exchange is the courier company, which is considered to be one of the leading courier companies in Australia. The services that are provided by the company are as follows: - Regional Shipments In this functional methodology Freight Exchange carries forward the task of shipments that are within the regional boundaries. The location and the destination are in the same region this aspect helps the company to provide efficient service to the clients of the company. Full truckloads Truck loading has also been a major source of income for the Freight Exchange. As the transaction that happens in the methodology of the truck loading is very profitable due to the fact of loading the truck includes the process of delivering the products that are being loaded in the truck. Courier services Courier services has been the oldest service that was started by the company Freight Exchange and has been proven to be beneficial and profitable for the company which intended on the growth of the company to various hemisphere of the services and increase the job diversity off the business organization. Unusual shipments Freight Exchange has also been performing tasks that are not within their scope of boundaries. The company charges extra for the excess distance the organization covers with respect to the given boundary of the product. This process of delivering the product charging high amount of serge earns a great amount of profit for the company. Use of Information system in the organization Information system plays a vital role in the processing of the service that the company provides in the field of transaction and communication. The information system find its importance in the organization due to the aspects of the following: - Reducing the errors in the process of providing services The company has been highly benefitted by the technology of information system as the information system provides the data that are required for the processing of the transaction that acts as a major service for the company (Bessis, 2015). The official software makes usage of the information system to store the data of the clients that are to be delivered with the deliverable that the destined locate in the correct time. Usage of GPS systems With the help of the platform provided by the information system the business organization can the full use of the GPS system in order to gain access to the transport culture of the places where the delivery is to be made. This technology that uses the platform of information system provides efficiency to the organization as the operational manger of the company can check the traffic status of the road and deal with the transportation facilities during the delivering of the product. Promoting the business online With the help of the information system, the business of the Freight Exchange sis set up in the internet (Wynne, 2016). The platform that is provided by the information system that enables the company to start the business online has ensured a lot f profit for the company as the popularity of the service provided by the company has increased since the increase in the usage of the social platform by the company. General Management Control GMC of Freight Exchange has been very much efficient as they are well concerned about the General Management of their company. GMC consist of the managing of the human resources as they are the major factors that acts as the positive end of the company that is running in a positive node. However, if GMC performance fails and the human resources fail to work positively then the risk that s allotted to the company is huge. GMC takes care of the risk caused due to the illness that affects the stability of the employee (Sweeting, 2017). GMC also deals with the risk can also be caused due to the lack of motivation if the employee leading to the fact that the employee leaves the company which affects the company adversely. Application Control Application control deals with the aspects such as the checking the completeness of the project that has been under the process of freight Exchange (Bevrani Hiyama, 2016). AC also takes under consideration of the fact that the validation of the project is maintained. The authorization of the project undertaken by the company is also checked in case of the Freight Exchange in the process of the AC. Comparison between GMC and AC The main difference between the General Management Control and the Application Management control is the fact that GMC consists of the factors that are concerned regarding the human management of the organization. Human the company deals with resource maintenance is one of the most important issued of the GMC (Chance Brooks 2015). In case of the AC the company deals with the production of the company. The major concern of the AC department is to check the efficiency in the terminology of the application of the project that has been taken by Freight Exchange. Risk Analysis The risks that are present in the functioning of the project are as follows: - Operational Risk The risk that are operational related are the most feared threat that affect the company in a bizarre way and the stature of eth company can change in case of the operational failure for the company. The risks are cussed due to the fact that the products might be delivered lately which will disappoint the client directly, quality check of the product is also another process that the threat appears in the process of manufacturing of the products (Mortimer Mortimer, 2015). In case of depletion of the quality of the product the company loses the brand loyalty and the stature of the company decreases. Political Risk The organization that does not have good relation with the government faces major issues during the course of their business (Lam, 2014). The risks the company faces is due to the fact that the company higher authorities are not always well aware with the change in the norms and the taxation of the government policies. In case of having a bad relation with the government institutions the company faces a lot of unwanted problems regarding the good will of the company that directly affects the growth of the company. Audit In case of audit planning of Freight Exchange following steps are followed: - Discussion with the clients Reviewing the previous project audit of Freight Exchange Discuss about the project development plan with the clients Sharing of financial statements of the company Discussing about the non audit personnel of the company Determining the staffing of the audit Taking assistance of the specialist to carry forwarded the relation between the internal auditors and the clients. Scheduling the dates with the clients Recommendations The employee related risks are governed by the process of providing proper incentives to the employees of the company in order to keep the employees motivated and provide them proper insurance scheme for the employees so that the employees can have proper medical attention during the time of illness (Fayol, (2016). Operational manager must be employed by the organization in order to deal with the operational issues that might take place efficiently (Lachmann, 2014). Lawyers must be hired by the organization in order to stay updated with the norms and the taxation schemes of the government and keep the company free form issues any kind of legal charges regarding the norms of the governments. Conclusion From the above report it can be concluded that Freight Exchange has been immensely benefitted by the General management Control and Application control methodologies as the company is able to identify the threat factors and control the potential threats which has lead to the growth in status of the company. References Bessis, J. (2015).Risk management in banking. John Wiley Sons. Bevrani, H., Hiyama, T. (2016).Intelligent automatic generation control. CRC press. Chance, D. M., Brooks, R. (2015).Introduction to derivatives and risk management. Cengage Learning. Fayol, H. (2016).General and industrial management. Ravenio Books. Grote, G. (2015). Promoting safety by increasing uncertaintyImplications for risk management.Safety science,71, 71-79. Harrison, F., Lock, D. (2017).Advanced project management: a structured approach. Routledge. Hopkin, P. (2017).Fundamentals of risk management: understanding, evaluating and implementing effective risk management. Kogan Page Publishers. Lachmann, G. V. (Ed.). (2014).Boundary layer and flow control: its principles and application. Elsevier. Lam, J. (2014).Enterprise risk management: from incentives to controls. John Wiley Sons. Mortimer, S. T., Mortimer, D. (2015).Quality and risk management in the IVF laboratory. Cambridge University Press. Otley, D. (2015). in Management Control.Critical Perspectives in Management Control, 27. Sweeting, P. (2017).Financial enterprise risk management. Cambridge University Press. Wolke, T. (2017).Risk Management. Walter de Gruyter GmbH Co KG. Wynne, B. (2016). Misunderstood misunderstanding: Social identities and public uptake of science.Public understanding of science.

The Role Of Greed In The Crucible Essays - Salem Witch Trials

The Role Of Greed In The Crucible Greed can be a very destructive part of everyone's life. It can control our every action at times. Some people let their greed get out of control, which was exactlywhat happened in Salem during the witch trials. Three people's greed brought up this whole tragedy of the trials, convictions and hangings. These three people are Reverend Parris, Thomas Putnam and Abigail Williams. Thomas Putnam was a ?well-to-do, hard-handed, landowner.? He valued his land probably more than his marriage, his other possessions or his anything else that he had. He used his land as a power source to get anything that he wanted. He also used this power to get his neighbors accused and/or convicted of being witches. Once these people were convicted, he would be able to purchase the deceased's land, just giving him more land and power. This man alone got others to start believing that some people among them were witches. He also used his daughter as a witness to some of his neighbors crimes. Thomas Putnam used the witch trials as an excuse to get even with his neighbors and get their land. He allowed his greed to rule his mind and other decisions during this tragic time in the history of Salem. Another person who was affected by greed during this time was Reverend Parris. He felt that he was underpaid for his services. At one time he said to Giles Corey, ?I regard that six pound as part of my salary...You will look far for a man of my kind at sixty pound a year!? Also, Parris preached for twenty weeks about having golden candlesticks on the altar until he got them. As the story progressed, he became greedy for his life and the life of his friends. When Proctor was about to be hanged, he begged and pleaded for Proctor's life so that Parris would not be blamed for killing one of Salem's ?upper class?. I feel that Parris was not a good man to be the minister in such a town because he helped the whole witch hunt get going. He made sure that everyone knew about what was going on and got them to help dig up dirt on the accused. One final person whom I believe let her greed for attention and power control the outcome of that small town was Abigail Williams. She was the first person who was caught dancing in the woods to realize that if she turned on the others, her own life would be spared. She started making things up so that she would be in the center of the life in the town. She accused many innocent people of being witches for her own personal good. The best example of this would be when she accused Elizabeth Proctor of being a witch. Abigail and John Proctor had an affair and Abigail perceived this to mean that John wanted to be with her instead of his wife. Then, she realized that the only way to make this happen would be to kill Elizabeth in some way. The only legal way to do this would be to accuse Elizabeth of being a witch and making sure that she was convicted of this crime. Abigail knew that the punishment for the crime of witchcraft was hanging and carried out her accusation so that she and John could ?dance upon her grave together.? I strongly feel that Abigail's greed was the most destructive to the outcome of this story. She single-handedly destroyed most of the people of this town's reputations. If a person had something that she wanted, she accused them and got exactly what she wanted. At times, she used her acting talents to make it seem like she was being attacked by a certain person's spirit. While she was trying to convince Danforth and Hathorne that Elizabeth was a witch, she went as far as stabbing herself in the stomach to make it look like Elizabeth was sending out her spirit upon others. I believe that if Abigail had been stopped sooner, the innocent people who died would have lived and been able to look back on this terrible time to mourn the losses of their friends. Many people's greed brought on these atrocities in Salem,

Compensate for Market Failures Essay Example

Compensate for Market Failures Essay Example Compensate for Market Failures Essay Compensate for Market Failures Essay In my essay I am traveling to speak about the manner in which the UK authorities trades with market failures and the several attacks they can and hold taken with the purpose of forestalling certain facets of market failure from re-occurring. I will be peculiarly concentrating on the manner to authorities utilizations revenue enhancement as a manner of counterbalancing for market failures and the legion types of market failure that they have to cover with. on a twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours footing. First. the construct of market failure must be explained ; it is when a certain market is left to run without any signifier of Government intercession and without this intercession. the allotment of goods and services by this free market is non efficient. The UK authorities have many options available to them. in footings of ways they are able intervene in fortunes where market failures occur. However. one of the most normally used is revenue enhancement. See any market failure ; the over ingestion of coffin nails and intoxicant. the overexploitation of roads and airplanes. They are all to a great extent taxed. and revenue enhancement is one method I will be concentrating on during this essay. A subject that is going more and more polar to Governments programs by the decennary is the environment. Technology has continued to better over the old ages and has enabled us to understand the sum of pollution that’s been produced as a bi-product of our end product each twelvemonth. The importance of this topic was shown non merely by Britain. but some of the most powerful states in the universe including USA. China. India and the whole of the EU when the Kyoto pact was signed in 1997. This was an understanding where all states involved agreed to lawfully adhering decreases in their emanations of C dioxide by 2010. [ ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. revisionguru. co. uk/economics/govern9. htm n. d. ) ] In order to seek and forestall the degrees of pollution from increasing in the UK. and besides with the purpose of them easy diminishing. the Government have a tool available to them called an environmental revenue enhancement. An environmental revenue enhancement is a re venue enhancement on a good or service that has an unfavorable consequence on the environment. My first illustration of an environmental revenue enhancement the UK Government uses in order to counterbalance for market failures is the London congestion charge. London is the largest metropolis in the UK and of class the capital. therefore this has to hold some signifier of damaging consequence on the environment at that place. and it does. The roads in London are known to be some of the most helter-skelter in the universe and in order to cut down the sum of people who commute to work by auto the authorities introduced the London congestion charge. It can be described as a fee charged to some types of motor vehicle who enter the congestion charge zone of London at certain times. The charge is ?10 per twenty-four hours for between 07:00-18:00 and punishments of between ?60 and ?180 can be distributed for those who choose non to pay. For a individual gaining the mean salary. paying ?50 a hebdomad to acquire to work is a batch of money. non taking into history costs for insurance. r evenue enhancement. and gasoline. This provides people with a immense inducement to go to work each twenty-four hours on public conveyance as it forces them to pay for some of the negative outwardnesss they are making. or take an option which is better for the environment and besides cheaper for them. which would be public conveyance. [ ( hypertext transfer protocol: //tutor2u. net/economics/revision-notes/a2-micro-externalities-policy-options. hypertext markup language n. d. ) ] The diagram below can be used to explicate how this peculiar environmental revenue enhancement plants. Once the congestion charge is active. monetary value additions to P1 which shifts the supply curve to the left therefore diminishing measure demanded. Another run that the authorities is progressively looking to advance is recycling. As a consequence of this. in 1996 the UK’s first environmental revenue enhancement was introduced by Conservative Secretary of State for the Environment. John Gummer ; The UK landfill revenue enhancement. It worked through increasing the cost of landfill. hence doing other ; more environmentally friendly ways of disposing of waste seem more appealing and hopefully deter the usage of landfill. It had three chief purposes ; Encourage waste manufacturers to understate the sum of waste they generate. cut down the sum deposited in landfills. and most significantly. promote both houses and families to get down recycling. [ ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Landfill_tax n. d. ) ] It’s go really popular throughout Britain. chiefly successful through the authoritiess allotment of Green bins and black boxes which can be used to dispose of many things found around anybody†™s house. But recycling isn’t merely an issue for us at place. it is much more of import that the authorities increase the inducement for Large houses with immense end product degrees to recycle. The environmental revenue enhancement the authorities charges is ?48 per metric ton for active waste and ?2. 50 per metric ton for inactive waste. These amounts may look little. but when you take into comparing the immense sums of trash that big houses produce each twelvemonth so this can truly salvage them a considerable sum of money if they choose to recycle. If they decide to go on to utilize merely our landfills so like with the congestion charge. these houses are make up ones minding to pay for the negative outwardnesss that they are making. and it doesn’t come cheap to them. Smoke is another thing that is many people consider being a market failure. Approximately 13 million people smoke in the UK and non surprisingly. it causes many deceases. estimated to be about 120. 000 every twelvemonth. non to advert the 1000000s of lbs it costs the NHS. Cigarettes are a de-merit good and without any signifier of intercession from the authorities. coffin nails would be over consumed and under-priced by the market. There are several ways in which they try to rectify the market failure caused by smoking. First. arguably the most effectual manner is through revenue enhancement. Similarly to the manner the authorities uses environmental revenue enhancement. they assign immense revenue enhancements to coffin nails which makes them really expensive. For illustration. presently the revenue enhancement rate on coffin nails is 90 % which means it costs approximately ?2372 per twelvemonth for a 20 a twenty-four hours tobacco user to go on their wont. Tax this big hence make i t more hard for people to afford to smoke as their existent incomes lessening. and give consumers more of an inducement to discontinue. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //tutor2u. net/economics/presentations/aseconomics/marketfailure/SmokingExternalities/default. hypertext markup language n. d. ) Although revenue enhancement is one of the most normally used schemes to cut down the sum of people that smoke in the UK. it doesn’t deter everyone ; this is where the revenue enhancement grosss gained from coffin nails come into usage. In the twelvemonth 2000. the authorities earned ?9. 616. 000 from revenue enhancement gross on coffin nails. Some of this money so goes towards instruction strategies in schools that demonstrate the effects of smoke and how bad it can be for you. This is a cardinal portion of Government scheme in rectifying this facet of market failure as it aims to give younger people all the necessary information on smoking so they can gain all the damaging effects it has on your organic structure and will therefore deter them to take up smoke in the hereafter. This is a cardinal country that the UK authorities focal points on because if a whole coevals can be educated good plenty to the extent that they will take non to smoke in ulterior life. so the sum of people that smoke in the UK. in 20 old ages will be well lower than the sum that smoke presently. Part of the gross gained from coffin nails besides goes towards the support of advertisement runs shown on the telecasting. cyberspace. hoardings. magazines. the most recent being Television adverts having immature kids naming out for their parents to abandon their wont. Alcohol is besides another de-merit good that the authorities see to be over consumed. Therefore. like coffin nails it is to a great extent taxed with the purpose of cut downing the mean ingestion degree per individual. per hebdomad. There are two types of revenue enhancements on intoxicant ; excise responsibilities. and VAT. Excise responsibilities by and large depend on the class of intoxicant a drink falls into. for illustration the authorities has a higher revenue enhancement rate on beers and cyders that contain a higher volume of intoxicant and are hence more detrimental to a person’s wellness. whereas drinks with a lower volume of intoxicant tend to hold lower excise responsibility charges applied to them. These excise responsibilities are reviewed every twelvemonth by the Chancellor and any amendments to the old year’s excise responsibilities are included in the one-year budget. The excise responsibilities create immense grosss each twelvemonth for the authoriti es. for illustration in 2005 the gross from beer ( 5992. 2m ) vino ( 4398. 7m ) and liquors ( 3587. 2m ) added up to a sum of ?13. 978. 000. A scientific reappraisal of this issue concludes: Taxation of intoxicant is an effectual mechanism for cut downing intoxicant problems†¦The impression that heavy or dependent drinkers are immune to the influence of monetary value is provably wrong. Put merely. but with full scientific truth. intoxicant revenue enhancement is a readily available instrument which can be applied to salvage lives and avert alcohol-related agony. Therefore. these excise responsibilities do non enable people to imbibe as frequently due to the increased cost when taking into history for revenue enhancement. and hence are a manner of rectifying market failure ; nevertheless these revenue enhancements do non do intoxicant expensive plenty to halt people from imbibing wholly. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Iowa. org. uk/resources/factsheets/tax. pdf n. d. ) Many markets in the UK can go unstable in times of economic crisis and nutrient manufacturers are a group that fall into that class. They suffer chiefly from 3 economic jobs ; foremost. a autumn in long term incomes. merely because the overall supply of nutrient has increased due to betterments in engineering and better harvest outputs. There are besides many other states viing with us in the nutrient industry. many are much poorer states. therefore they are more competitory as they can sell at a lower monetary value. Second. unstable pricing in the industry is a cardinal issue. Negative Supply dazes such as harvest disease of bad conditions can take to monetary values so low that manufacturers are driven out of the market. The 3rd and perchance the most detrimental economic feature to smaller nutrient manufacturers is their complete Loss of dickering power with large supermarket ironss who. as monopolies are able to call a monetary value to smaller providers. go forthing them with small pick but to accept that monetary value for fright of traveling out of concern. The sensed market failure through the sheer power of monopolies is compensated for by the UK authorities through the Common Agricultural policy. besides known as CAP. CAP was created by the Treaty of Rome ( 1957 ) to guarantee that nutrient supplies were invariably fluxing throughout Europe and that all European husbandmans would have a just pay.

Top 10 Grammatical and Spelling Errors of 2013

Top 10 Grammatical and Spelling Errors of 2013 It’s that time of year again! This year I will address some of the top grammatical and spelling errors specifically found on resumes and business documents, both of which constitute a large portion of what I read. Here’s the list: #10 Inconsistencies in Bulleted Lists If you make a list of bulleted items, whether it be on a resume or on a website, make them consistent in terms of the part of speech you start with. Bullets that start with the words Provide, Assess, Ensure, and Designing are not parallel; nor are bullets that start with Creates, Teaches, Organized, and Fulfills. Perhaps the inconsistent word jumps off the page when listed this way, but I see mismatched bullets in many types of documents every day. Check your bulleted lists carefully! #9 Manager/Manger According to Wikipedia, a â€Å"manger† is â€Å"a feeder that is made of carved stone, wood, or metal construction and is used to hold food for animals (as in a stable).† A â€Å"manager,† in contrast, is a person in a professional setting who supervises a person or team. Don’t mix them up on your resume, or in your Christmas greetings ;-). #8 Principal/Principle â€Å"Principal† is an adjective meaning first, highest, or foremost in importance, rank, worth, or degree; or of, relating to, or being financial principal, or a principal in a financial transaction. It can also be a noun meaning a person with a leading role, or one who holds a position of presiding rank or who is a main participant in a situation. â€Å"Principle,† in contrast, is a basic truth, tenet or assumption. I realize this spelling distinction can be hard to remember. One trick I use to keep them straight is to think, â€Å"You’re my #1 pal† and know that the word ending in â€Å"pal† relates to someone or something that is #1. #7 PowerPoint/Powerpoint It’s a common error to miss the capital P in the middle of PowerPoint. Be careful when listing any computer programs on your resume to spell them correctly! #6 Set up/Setup â€Å"Set up† is a verb meaning to set something up or put something in a specified state. Notice that there is a word in between â€Å"set† and â€Å"up† in the definition of â€Å"set up,† which you can think of as being substituted with a space. You must set *something* (_) up. â€Å"Setup,† however, is a noun meaning the process of preparing something to be used. You might set up the menus in a restaurant if you work there, but you would go to a setup menu to get a computer program ready for use. #5 Inconsistent Dashes If you use dashes in between start and end dates on your resume, or between any items in a document, use the same length dash for every similar set of text! I almost always see inconsistencies, especially on resumes, and they appear unprofessional. Don’t write June 2011-July 2013 in one spot and August 2010- June 2011 in another. #4 Apostrophes This issue makes the list for the third year in a row. Main point: Creating a plural doesn’t require an apostrophe. One client, two clients. To make a singular word possessive, add an apostrophe ‘s’: e.g., I wrote one client’s resume today. To make a plural word possessive, add an apostrophe after the ‘s’: e.g., I reviewed 5 clients’ records and discovered errors in 3 of them. See Top 7 Grammatical and Spelling Errors of 2012 and Top 10 Grammatical and Spelling Errors of 2011 for more on this topic. #3 Everyday/Every day This is a repeat topic as well. Everyday is an adjective meaning â€Å"common† or â€Å"day-to-day.† Every day means â€Å"daily† or â€Å"each and every day.† Want to learn a trick to remember which is which? See Common Grammatical Errors: Everyday vs. Every Day. #2 Lead/Led The absolute most common spelling error on resumes is the use of â€Å"lead,† meant to be the past tense of â€Å"lead.† The past tense of the verb â€Å"to lead† is â€Å"led†! I would love to see this error disappear from the resume writing world. #1 Two spaces after a period! Sure there are people who still argue that two spaces after a period is acceptable, but I have been fully converted! I have trained my fingers and my eyes to put one space after each period, and I’m attempting to train my clients to â€Å"get with the program† as well. If it’s good enough for the Chicago Manual of Style, it’s good enough for me! Have a happy, healthy, and grammatically correct new year. And remember, I’m always open to hearing your suggestions for my 2014 list!

Engaging Parents in Their Children's Early Learning Essay

Engaging Parents in Their Children's Early Learning - Essay Example clude parents’ socioeconomic status, education level and living conditions, which have direct bearing on a child’s early learning activities and outcomes. Nonetheless, more important than the above factors is the quality of a child’s home learning environment. Although parents may not have achieved a lot educationally and might be living in disadvantaged environment and circumstance, their regular engagement in their children’s early learning activities has rather tremendous effect in stretching children’s mind and attitudes. Consequent to the positive attitudes, children’s learning progress and development would be enhanced (Desforges, 2003). In fact, children growing up under the care of parents that ensure strong home-learning environments have been shown to be ahead in social and intellectual development by the age of three compared to those in weak home-learning environment. Research reports further show that this trend continues through to age ten. The latest research findings show that the positive impacts of parental involvement in children’s early learning cut across all socioeconomic and ethnic groups and levels of parental involvement. However, the impact of parental involvement has been found to be more profound on the learning achievements of children of the primary age range. In fact, to this age range, the variation in school quality has less impact on early learning compared to parental involvement (Whalley, 2001). Among the aspects of children’s early learning that parental involvement positively impacts on are skills, knowledge, and intellectual simulation at home and at school. With the right parental involvement and contribution, children would be able to learn and copy constructive attitudes towards learning and develop strong... From this paper it is clear that  parents may not have achieved a lot educationally and might be living in disadvantaged environment and circumstance, their regular engagement in their children’s early learning activities has rather tremendous effect in stretching children’s mind and attitudes. Consequent to the positive attitudes, children’s learning progress and development would be enhanced.This essay discusses that  the latest research findings show that the positive impacts of parental involvement in children’s early learning cut across all socioeconomic and ethnic groups and levels of parental involvement. However, the impact of parental involvement has been found to be more profound on the learning achievements of children of the primary age range. In fact, to this age range, the variation in school quality has less impact on early learning compared to parental involvement. Among the aspects of children’s early learning that parental invo lvement positively impacts on are skills, knowledge, and intellectual simulation at home and at school. With the right parental involvement and contribution, children would be able to learn and copy constructive attitudes towards learning and develop strong self-images as good and fast learners. Parental involvement in children’s early learning may also encompass guardians and older siblings providing children with one-to-one attention by keenly listening to their words and questions and giving replies that focus on extending children’s thoughts.

How to build a deck Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

How to build a deck - Assignment Example Building a deck is one of the best improvements you can make for your house. Depending on the material you use, a deck can be an inviting warm place to host parties, outdoor cooking, watch your kids as they play or just a good resting place for your pets. Many real estate agents will tell you that clients value houses that have well placed decks. Having a deck does not require high technology or expertise. Many people are able to do this by following simple instructions. You can actually design, plan and do the masonry and carpentry and see your house turn into something new. Having a good deck actually raises the value of your house. Before doing any modification to your house, it is usually safer to check with the local building inspectors to find out if you need a building permit for this. Doing this will save you embarrassment and money if you have to demolish the deck just because you did not adhere to the rules of your area. It is advisable to visit their offices to get details of what is expected and if there are any inspections that will be done by the officials. Since this deck will be a permanent structure that will hold human life, the government has a right to ensure that it is rightly done and that is why the building inspectors are there. The inspectors may have specified rules in terms of size, design, materials and even how deep you can dig the foundation. It is therefore important to get these permits and the inspectors to approve your intended construction. The inspectors will probably ask you for a deck plan, so you need to be ready for this. There are places where permits are not really required. If you do not need the permit, then do not go looking for one. However, you will need to be aware of the building codes in your area to ensure you are adhering to them. This manual discusses decks and incorporates images and illustrations for easier understanding. The procedures will be discussed as follows: Deck Plan Deck layout Selecting materials - what materials are available and how to choose the best Fittings and Fasteners Construction- laying and deck-step by step procedure Railing and finishing Common problems in building decks The Deck Plan A deck plan consists of the design of the deck with scale drawings of the size of it. Start out by determining where you want the deck to be. Take the measurements of the area putting into consideration permanent structures or plants that cannot be removed. For example, if you have a big palm tree in front of your house that you do not want to remove, you will be forced to adjust your measurements and design to accommodate the tree and at the same time ensure safety. Have a sketch of the design you want. Also, have enough space to accommodate that design. Now, when you have the space and the design, it is time to put the design on paper. Using your sketch, do the ground measurements. At this point, just record them as you measure. You will determine the scale once all the measuremen ts have been done. When you have all the sections measured, work out a scale. An example is

Educating Rita-Characters Essay Example for Free

Educating Rita-Characters Essay Main characters Rita and Frank are the only two characters whom we see on stage, though other people are referred to by both of them. We hear about Denny, Ritas husband, about Julia, Franks partner, and about Trish, Ritas flatmate, who attempts to kill herself. But it is Rita and Frank whom the audience gets to know best. Rita: Rita is a working-class, twenty-six-year-old hairdresser who has taken the decisive step of enrolling on a literature course at the Open University. It has been a difficult decision as it means that she has to break away from the restrictions imposed on her by her husband and by the community in which she lives and works. Indeed, Ritas choice is a stark one: it is between starting a family, which Denny wants, or studying. In deciding to study and become more educated and culturally aware, Rita changes her life completely. She gradually becomes absorbed by culture and literature. It is only after her flatmate attempts suicide that she begins to realise that art and literature cannot provide all the answers. However, she decides to continue as a student and finally passes her examination. Frank: Frank is a university lecturer in English Literature with a drink problem. He has had one failed marriage and his present relationship wit Julia is not an easy one. However, he does appear to have a comfortable middle-class lifestyle and has achieved some minor success as a poet. His job, nevertheless, bores him and, in fact, by the end of the play, he has been sent away to Australia by the university authorities because of his drunken behaviour. Rita breezes into his life like a breath of fresh air; the story of the play is the story of their developing and changing relationships both as teacher and student and on a more personal level.

Charles Darwin Essay -- Essay on Charles Darwin 2014

Charles Darwin began his scientific breakthroughs and upcoming theories when he began an expedition trip to the Galapagos Islands of South America. While studying there, he discovered that each island had its own type of plant and animal species. Although these plants and animals were similar in appearance, they had other characteristics that made them differ from one another and seem to not appear as similar. Darwin questioned why these plants and animals were on these islands and why they are different in ways. Darwin’s observations from the islands made him want to come up with some explanation to why this occurred. He began to do research of each the species that had lived on these islands and observe all of the characteristics that had. He noticed that the islands h...

Heart of Darkness †Metaphorical or Physical Journey? Essay

The worth of any physical journey can be measured by the value it has to the traveller; by the psychological, moral and philosophical insight gained during the course of travel. This is especially valid for a trip of such immense significance as the one undertaken by the narrator in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, Marlow, as he travels along the Congo River in Africa. The symbolic importance of the Congo River is paramount throughout the novella; however, it is equally important to consider the role of the river on which the tale is told – the Thames, the centre of the nation that dominated colonial expansion. Both rivers offer a platform of observation of their respective societies – allowing Marlow to remain independent from these cultures and thus maintain his own moral compass. On a surface level, the Thames appears to be the epitome of tranquillity and civilization, as Marlowe describes it as being ‘calm’, waiting for the ‘turn of the tide’ and being the centre of ‘the biggest, and the greatest, town on Earth.’ However, Conrad’s multi-layered writing undercuts this view, as many descriptions of the Thames have mortuary connotations, implying a feeling of death on the river. For example, Conrad describes a ‘mournful gloom, brooding motionless’, the feeling of stillness coupled with the ‘gloomy tone creates a corpse-like atmosphere. Even the images of light that Conrad employs are more or less negative in their more subtle meanings. He describes the torches of light (a metaphor for Western Civilization) as being merely a ‘flicker’, which implies that the faà §ade of culture and humanity is ephemeral in nature. The first words Marlow uses describe his surroundings as ‘and this also†¦ was one of the dark places of the earth’, reminding listeners of the dark past, which is only partially and insubstantially covered. He then goes on to describe the ‘robbery with violence’ and the ‘aggravated murder on a great scale’ which the Romans had committed in ancient Britain. Whilst the present reality demonstrates an apparent conquering of the darkness, Conrad implies a different message, as he mentions the ‘toying’ of the ‘bones’ (another name for dominoes made of ivory), which refers to the abominations committed by King Leopold II in the Congo Free State, as he exploited the lives of African to further his own commercial enterprise. This associates the Thames, which has supposedly defeated its darkness, with an inherent evil, as it is at the centre of a culture obsessed with the ‘conquest of the earth’ under the guise of ‘weaning the ignorant millions from their ways’. At the end of the novella, the primary narrator, who is listening to Marlow’s tale, begins to perceive the Thames leading into ‘the heart of an immense darkness’, showing how the story has shaped his own moral, psychological and philosophical views. The mortuary images used to describe the Thames are repeated later on as Marlow recounts his visit to the company offices in Brussels, which he describes as a ‘whited sepulchre’. The word ‘whited’ implies a degree of artificiality in Brussels’ apparent pristine condition, whilst the word ‘sepulchre’ has further associations with death. It is also a biblical allusion to the Book of Matthew 23:27, in which Jesus exclaims: ‘Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you are like whited sepulchres, which on the outside look beautiful, but inside they are full of the bones of the dead and all kinds of filth.’ This allusion shows how the very European Marlo w, has recognized a deep hypocrisy in his fellow countrymen, as the symbol of white (one of purity in Western civilization) is simply a faà §ade to hide Europe’s inherent evil. This motif of white is repeated throughout the novel, especially in Brussels where Marlow mentions the ‘starched white affairs’ of the Company uniforms, and near the end of the text describes the corpse like ‘Intended’ as having a ‘pale head’, ‘ashy halo’ and a fireplace of ‘monumental whiteness’. Marlow who is described as being ‘in the pose of a meditating Buhhda’ sees a different connotation to the white (just as white is associated with death and mourning in Eastern philosophy). Whilst Marlow sees and experience this hypocrisy first hand in Europe, on the Congo River, he observes an almost cinematic stream of images of temptation and sordidness, with the River acting as a ‘moral buffer’ for him, as his perceptions of humanity and morality change. This change in Marlow’s nature happens through the characterization of Africa as a living hell which Conrad (through Marlow) achieves by continual allusions to the ‘Inferno’ in Dante’s Divine Comedy, which details the persona’s own journey into the centre of the earth and through the nine circles of hell. This is most effectively achieved when Marlow admits to his listeners: ‘I felt as though, instead of going to the centre of a continent, I were about to set off for the centre of the earth.’ This is paralleled when Marlow visits the company Offices and describes his assignment as going ‘dead in the centre’ (again invoking deathly overtones), which also explicitly references Dante. Like Marlow’s morals and philosophy, the allusion is developed throughout the journey, as Marlow observes the chaotic ‘wanton smash-up’ caused by the Europeans, and describes it as being in ‘the gloomy circle of some Infe rno’, and showing how the river, acting almost as a slideshow for European corruption, helps change Marlow’s view of the morality of the Colonialists, who have turned Africa into a living hell. The allusion to Dante, whilst certainly the most obvious, offers only an observation and a result, not a cause for the corruption. The allusion to the Book of Genesis on the other hand, provides insight into why there is corruption present on the Congo. When Marlowe first describes the river, he likens it to an ‘immense snake uncoiled’, which references the Devil in the form of a snake, tempting Eve to take a quince from the Garden of Eden. This allusion is more causal in its purpose, as it demonstrates the reason why the Europeans who have integrated into Africa (especially Kurtz and the station Manager) have been corrupted by the primitive allurement of the ‘unspeakable rites’ and ‘satanic litany’ afforded to them by the jungle. Whilst Marlow is offered these things during his journey, morally he is able to maintain his distance, continuing as righteous through a continual commitment to pragmatism and action. This is evidenced by his almost obsessive need for ‘rivets’ to repair his boat so that he may continue his journey on the moral insulation of the Congo River, shielding him from any immoral temptations offered whilst ashore. On the other hand, people like Kurtz who have the river, find that the moral veneer provided by the faà §ade that is European civilization is quickly stripped away when they go ashore for a ‘howl’ and a ‘dance’. Marlow explains this phenomenon of primitive reversion among the colonialists via the effect that he perceives the river to have, saying that travelling down the river was like ‘travelling back to the earliest beginnings of the world’ with the ‘fascination of the abomination; corrupting the Europeans, especially Kurtz, who is debased to ‘an animated image of death carved out of old ivory’. Significantly, the current symbolically make the journey into the ‘heart of darkness’ difficult, while the journey back is easy and rapid. In conclusion, the journey undertaken by Marlow on the Congo River, as well as his story telling on the Thames, much deeper significance than simply physical and geographical journeys, changing his perceptions of the morality and psychology of men. Conrad uses Marlow’s insights to influence the reader to share in the enlightenment gained by the narrator.

Ineffectiveness of Therapeutic Communities in Prisons Essay

Prisons release 650,000 offenders to the public annually and 70% of those exoffenders will commit new offenses within three years (Fields, 2005, p. A4). According to the JFA Institute (2007), â€Å"two-thirds of the 650,000 prison admissions are people who have failed probation or parole—approximately half of these people have been sent to prison for technical violations† (p. 1). As prison crowding occurs, prison officials are challenged to keep inmates busy by assigning them to productive tasks and incorporate therapeutic programs (Center for Justice & Reconciliation, 2007). If criminal justice professionals fail to keep up with programming expectations, program shortages may influence inmate idleness resulting in disruptions, prison violations, and mental-health issues related to stress and depression (Fields). During 2003 and 2004, approximately 900 criminals entered the nation’s jails and prisons each week based on a report issued in April 2006 by the U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs (p. 1). Jails and prisons in the U. S. house more people with mental illnesses than many of the inpatient psychiatric facilities, and virtually all correctional facilities experience the impact of this population that is increasing at an unprecedented rate (McCuan, Prini, & Wasarhaley, 2007). During 2006, 41% of inmate assailants were listed under the mental health caseload (Collins, 2006). In 2006, the U. S. Department of Justice released statistics revealing that 23% of state prisoners reported symptoms of major depression. An estimated 61% of state prisoners and 44% of jail inmates who had a mental health problem also had a history of past violent behavior. In a 1999 report (Dawn, 2007), the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill reported that there are three times as many seriously mentally ill individuals in prison and jails than there are being treated in hospitals. Equally disturbing is that the criminal justice system will have some type of experience with 25 to 40% of the mentally ill in the U. S. population. Inmates with mental illness present additional expenditure problems for prison systems already overburdened by population demands. The influx has challenged criminal justice professionals to extend their budgets to cover the costs of appropriate programming for every offender in an effort to minimize potential inmate unrest, a situation that leads to assaults and other infractions associated with idleness (Wilkinson, 1998). In 2007, the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction (DRC) reached a population milestone with a count of 50,000 offenders. As the inmate population rises in Ohio prisons, the possibility of inmate assaults may also go up â€Å"because overcrowding exacerbates the chronic pains of imprisonment† (Haney, 2006, p. 2). One way to manage a potential increase in assaults is to keep offenders engaged in some type of community activity and participating in therapeutic programs. Some officials reported that therapeutic programs and community service theoretically should be one of the most effective ways to engage an inmate’s time and energy and keep infractions at a manageable level. DRC views the involvement of inmates in community service and therapy as vital to their release. Ohio prison Director Terry Collins stated that ex-offenders who served as program participants during their incarceration help close the gap between themselves and their communities. As a result, these inmates are better prepared to function as lawabiding citizens â€Å"†¦because they have stayed in touch with the community and have given something of value back† (Collins, 2007, p. 1). â€Å"Very crowded prison systems are difficult to manage† (Wilkinson, 1998, p. 76). As prison crowding occurs, prison officials are challenged to keep inmates busy by assigning them to productive tasks. â€Å"Good prison management is engaging prisoners in meaningful activities such as educational programs and work assignments† (Wilkinson, p. 76). â€Å"The most important single factor (among many) that helps to explain the current crisis in American corrections—the lack of effective programming and treatment† (Haney, 2007, p. 76). Although prison jobs such as mopping floors, kitchen duty, and making prison garments occupy inmates’ time, more meaningful community service as a restorative justice measure may be an effective way to address the challenge of prison crowding (Center for Justice & Reconciliation, 2007). â€Å"The meaningful aspect is critical because it may help to instill responsibility and a changed attitude about criminal activity† (Wilkinson, p. 76). Prisons in the United States are facing the challenges of crowding including inmate idleness as it relates to programming expectations. Lack of programming in prison is a serious safety and security threat to the staff, the public, and the offenders. As inmate populations increase, once stable prison systems can become volatile environments and endanger prison staff and the systems they are charged with protecting (Gaes, 1994). When criminal justice professionals fail to keep up with programming expectations, program shortages may influence inmate idleness. Inmate idleness can lead to disruptions, prison violations, gang-related activities, and mental-health issues related to stress and depression (Wilkinson, p. 76). Another issue confronting the criminal justice system is the increasing number ofyouth being sentenced to adult prisons (Fields, 2005). Every state within the U. S. has at least one statutory component that addresses the procedure of processing juveniles as adults in criminal court (Wilkinson, 1998). Prison officials also have other challenges. One challenge officials face includes accommodating the needs of state prisoners with symptoms of mania (43%) and major depression (23%) according to the U. S. Department of Justice (2006, p. 1). A major problem is that inmates with mental health problems are unable to defend their situation so they remain in prison. Although prison officials face the issue of crowding, they are also seeking ways for inmates to become engaged in some type of activity that will keep them busy for the majority of their waking hours. When offenders engage in some type of prison program or activity that helps with their transition from prison to society successful reintegration is possible. The theoretical framework of community service in the prison setting is the restorative justice model (Zehr, 2002). The restorative justice model advocates that offenders must demonstrate a desire or a goodwill gesture to pay back the public for the misdeed they committed in order to reconnect to their community. Restorative justice is a philosophical framework for responding to crime that focuses on the injury resulting from crime and the actions needed to mend this harm. It focuses on crime as an act against another individual or the community rather than the state. It is a future-focused model that emphasizes problem solving instead of â€Å"just deserts. † (Carey, 1996, pp. 152-153) Although several justice models exist, the restorative justice model combines the best features of the traditional, liberal, and conservative theories. â€Å"Restorative justice has brought an awareness of the limits and negative by-products of punishment. Beyond that, however, it has argued that punishment is not real accountability† (Zehr, 2002, p. 16). By participating as community service volunteers, inmates choose to serve the community. The inmates’ actions demonstrate a desire to give back and a desire to assume responsibility for their actions. Community service programs have a restorative justice component that considers an offender’s successful transition from incarceration to community integration (U. S. Department of Justice, 2006). When considering the large number of offenders in jails and prisons nationally, the problem demands the public’s immediate attention (U. S. Department of Justice, 2006). Providing offenders with productive activities through programs like community service sends a message to the public that its safety and security is vital. It is also important to assist inmates in their transition back into the community by engaging them in an activity that keeps them connected to a society that has been offended by crime. Wilkinson (1998) reported that a significant percent of exoffenders that participated in community service while in prison did not recidivate compared to those offenders that did not participate (p. 91). Although community service may have a positive impact on an inmate’s community re-entry, the type of community service program inmates do during their incarceration may also improve their quality of prison life. Barak, Savorai, Mavashev, and Beni (2001) reported that dogs are becoming a valued therapeutic tool among health-care providers in clinical and non-traditional settings because of the calming affect dogs have on the physical and mental conditions of patients. Community service programs serve a useful role in managing inmate behavior and controlling the frequency and severity of inmate infractions within adult prisons. However, as prison crowding occurs, prison officials struggle to keep inmates busy by assigning them to productive tasks. Inmate idleness is something that most states are confronted with and while prison jobs such as mopping floors, kitchen duty, and making prison garments keep inmates occupied, these jobs are not enough to satisfy programming requirements to address the needs of rising populations. As inmate populations increase, stable prison systems could become volatile environments endangering prison staff as well as the inmates the systems are charged with protecting. When there are a limited number of prison jobs to address the population challenges, offenders find inappropriate ways to address their own idleness. The choices offenders make may lead to fights, staff assaults, riots, and other forms of aggression. References Barak, Y. , Savorai, O. , Mavashev, S. , & Beni, A (2001). Animal assisted therapy for elderly schizophrenic patients: A one year controlled trial. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 9(4), 439-432. Fields, G. (2005, January). Congress prepares to tackle prisoner recidivism: Lawmakers plan for bipartisan measures after report offers advice for overhaul. Wall Street Journal, p. A4. JFA Institute. (2007, November). Unlocking America: Why and how to reduce America’s prison population. Retrieved November 10, 2007, from www. jfa-associates. com U. S. Department of Justice. (2006, September 6). Study finds more than half of all prison and jail inmates have mental health problems. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from http://www. ojp. usdoj. gov/newsroom/pressreleases/2006/BJS06064. htm McCuan, R. , Prins, S. , & Wasarhaley, N. (2007). Resources and challenges: Corrections and mental health collaborations. August 2007, Corrections Today: Female Offenders Collins, T. (2006). Ohio Department of Rehabilitation & Correction: Pieces of the puzzle. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from http://www. drc. ohio. gov/ Dawn, B. (2007). Managing the â€Å"other† inmate. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from http://www. corrections. com Wilkinson, R. A. (1998). The impact of community service work on adult state prisons using a restorative justice framework. Division of Research and Advanced Studies of the University of Cincinnati, College of Education. Haney, C. (2007). Testimony of Professor Craig Haney. Prison overcrowding: Harmful consequences and dysfunctional reactions. University of California, Santa Cruz.

The Power of Positive Affirmation Essay

The Power of Positive Affirmation Essay The Power of Positive Affirmation Essay The Importance of Positive Affirmations Repeatedly verbalizing positive affirmation helps influence thinking and therefore affects your state of mind and thus your attitude and behaviors because positive thoughts exert a powerful influence on one’s emotional and physical health. You can use Positive Affirmations, which are usually short positive statements targeted at a specific subconscious set of beliefs, to challenge and undermine negative beliefs and to replace them with positive self-nurturing beliefs. By choosing to think and say positive affirmations as true, the subconscious is forced into one of two reactions - avoidance or reappraisal. The bigger the issue the bigger the gap between the positive affirmation and the perceived inner truth and the more likely that one is going to experience resistance. This is where the subconscious finds it easier to stay with its perceived inner truth and avoid the challenge using any means at its disposal to avoid examining the issue. You will recognize this reaction by a strong negative feeling inside as you state the positive affirmations. Equally if your experience a sense of joy and well being, your mind is instinctively responding to something it believes to be true. When you get this emotion, you know your affirmations are working! Continually repeating affirmations with conviction and passion will chip away at even the strongest resistance. However there are a number of additional techniques you can use that will super-charge your affirmations and magnify their effectiveness many fold. I will outline these techniques for you later. Once the resistance is broken, your subconscious is able to re-examine the core belief and patterns you have been working on. The effect can be startling and things can change very quickly as the dysfunctional beliefs get identified and replaced by your own new inner truth. Depending on how deep into your consciousness these beliefs lay, every other

Composition and Properties of Bronze

Composition and Properties of Bronze Bronze is one of the earliest metals known to man. It is defined as an alloy made of copper and another metal, usually tin. Compositions vary, but most modern bronze is 88% copper and 12% tin. Bronze may also contain manganese, aluminum, nickel, phosphorus, silicon, arsenic,  or zinc. Although, at one time, bronze was an alloy consisting of copper with tin and brass was an alloy of copper with zinc, modern usage has blurred the lines between brass and bronze. Now, copper alloys generally are called brass, with bronze sometimes considered a type of brass. To avoid confusion, museums and historical texts typically use the inclusive term copper alloy. In science and engineering, bronze and brass are defined according to their element composition. Bronze Properties Bronze usually is a golden hard, brittle metal. The properties depend on the specific composition of the alloy as well as how it has been processed. Here are some typical characteristics: Highly ductile.Bronze exhibits low friction against other metals.Many bronze alloys display the unusual property of expanding a small amount when solidifying from a liquid into a solid. For sculpture casting, this is desirable, as it helps to fill a mold.Brittle, but less so than cast iron.Upon exposure to air, bronze oxidizes, but only on its outer layer. This patina consists of copper oxide, which eventually becomes copper carbonate. The oxide layer protects the interior metal from further corrosion. However, if chlorides are present (as from seawater), copper chlorides form, which can cause bronze disease a condition in which corrosion works through the metal and destroys it.Unlike steel, striking bronze against a hard surface wont generate sparks. This makes bronze useful for the metal used around flammable or explosive materials. Origin of Bronze The Bronze Age is the name given to the time period when bronze was the hardest metal that was widely used. This was the 4th millennium BC about the time of the city of Sumer in the Near East. The bronze age in China and India occurred at roughly the same time. Even during the Bronze Age, there were a few items crafted from meteoritic iron, but the smelting of iron was uncommon. The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age, starting around 1300 BC. Even during the Iron Age, bronze was widely used. Uses of Bronze Bronze is used in architecture for structural and design elements, for bearings because of its friction properties, and as phosphor bronze in musical instruments, electrical contacts, and ship propellers. Aluminum bronze is used to make machine tools and some bearings. Bronze wool is used instead of steel wool in woodworking because it doesnt discolor oak. Bronze has been used to make coins. Most copper coins are actually bronze, consisting of copper with 4% tin and 1% zinc. Bronze has been used since ancient times to make sculptures. The Assyrian king Sennacherib (706-681 BC) claimed to be the first person to cast huge bronze sculptures using two-part molds, although the lost-wax method was used to cast sculptures long before this time.

Why Is It Difficult to Create a Psychological Portrait of a Typical Te Coursework

Why Is It Difficult to Create a Psychological Portrait of a Typical Terrorist - Coursework Example In history, terrorism has always been an effective tactic of the weaker side in a conflict. It is especially true when the conflict is asymmetrical in term of the balance of power. Probably this characteristic of terrorism explains the recent resurgence of terrorism. It is argued that terrorism is one of the results of globalization, as it escalates ethnic conflicts in an attempt to secure one’s identity.   Hence it will be present in some form or other in our lifetime and in the lives of our children. This paper aims at studying the nature, characteristics, and causes of terrorism. What makes a person become a terrorist? Does psychopathology provide any help in understanding and preventing terrorism? It will also identify the vulnerabilities of the terrorist groups. The nature and causes of terrorism are varied and diversified. People become terrorists in different ways in different roles and for different reasons. Although it can be helpful to identify the reason for joining, staying with a terrorist organization and leaving it no generic formula can be developed. The most common causes of terrorism are perceived injustices and the need for identity and belonging. Nature of terrorism has changed over the years. If we compare the terrorist groups and terrorists of the 1970s with the terrorists of the early 1990s an emerging new trend can be observed. Religious fundamentalism is growing and these new religious groups use weapons of mass destruction. Earlier it was presumed that terrorists do not use weapons of mass destruction because it will alienate them from the public and they will have to face harsh retaliation. The key extremist religious groups are Hizballah, Al –Qaida and Aum Shinrikyo. According to Post, the most dangerous terrori sts are religious terrorists. Political and social terrorist have a defined mission that can be measured in terms of their objective and government reaction, media reaction etc. whereas the religious terrorist can justify the most heinous crime.

Spiritual Needs Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Spiritual Needs Assessment - Assignment Example Doctor Christina Puchalski of George Washington University devised FICA assessment. There are certain other guidelines as well and most of them focus different parts of religion in such a manner that they are able to see the depth of relationship between a person and his religion. Assessment tools and patient answers. I am a Muslim and I believe in one GOD and his messenger and prophet (PBUH). I do practice my religion but I won’t say I am a very religious person since I don’t follow most of the guidelines. Believing in one God and the teaching of his messenger influence all my life and give meaning to it. Sometimes I seek religion for the solution of my problems but I feel being mean at times just because I am seeking it for my personal desires rather than following it all along. At times I do get irritated and aggressive on myself for not being a practicing Muslim. I think for me religion has solution for lot of things I just can’t get enough courage and knowledge to overcome my fears and act upon my religion properly. So In lot of ways it does influence and effect lot of things that I do every day. I live in a multi cultural society where people have different views; some of them are liberals while some of them belong to other religious groups. There is a lot of diversity in the society I live with. This is not supportive since I don’t get proper motivational force that I need to be a religious person and don’t get enough knowledge but I cope up well with it so I would say it is my personal thing without being influenced by society much. The individual under discussion had a sound basis of religion and it did seem to influence his life. He seemed to respect his religion which gave me indications that it can be used for his psychological therapy and betterment. Patient’s cooperation and his response to answers went very well. He used to gestures for expression and seemed to get emotional while mentioning the details. After this

Sustainability Principles in Conditions of Contract & NEC &JCT SBC Essay

Sustainability Principles in Conditions of Contract & NEC &JCT SBC Compared - Essay Example an essential aspect of the economy and a fundamental agent for attaining environmental targets and reducing environmental footprints of people and also improving the health of people in the UK. This culminated in the Joint Government and Industry Strategy which was presented in 2008. The Strategy was to present a framework for coherence and convergence in delivering sustainable construction (Construction Products Association, 2013). The scope spans across design, innovation, procurement, people, registration, climate change issues and waste and natural resource matters (Construction Products Association, 2013). The fundamental ends sought to be attained include increasing productivity through the use of more efficient resources, encouraging firms to use sustainable products and enhancing company image and profile (European Commission, 2011). This report undertakes a comparative analysis between the JCT Standard Form of Building Contracts and the Industrys Governments Strategy for Sustainable Construction. To this end, a review of the JCT 11 is conducted alongside the Sustainable Construction Strategy. Also, significant clauses in the NEC 3 EEC is reviewed alongside the JCT 11 on some critical and fundamental issues like defects and testing, compensation events and notifications and negotiation of disputes. The JCT 2011 provides a standard form of contract that must be followed in the creation and implementation of construction contracts between a financier (employer) and a contractor (Wright, 2012). This is to be moderated and monitored by an architect who has to play the role of an independent assessor who evaluates the issues and matters. In terms of the JCT 2011, the main element of the standard form of contracts involves the fact that the contract is to be administered between the employer and the contractor under the oversight of the architect. Therefore, all sustainability issues and matters must be integrated into the contract and the architect, who

Social Medias Impact On Youth Marketing Media Essay

Social Medias Impact On Youth Marketing Media Essay This Literature review discusses published information that are reveling to our topic and this information obtained from the others work which has already been done by researchers and published in articles, books, journal and websites. SOCIAL MEDIA Recent trend clearly shows a shift of business users and youth from traditional communication advertising such as television, radio, newspaper and magazines are no longer appealing to them. Social media refers to web based service that allows individuals for sharing, collaborating and taking insight to each other without any geographic barriers and with the help of new media tool of internet. Elliot (2012) DIGITAL MARKETING MARKETING: The growing importance of social media websites particularly YouTube, Face book and LinkedIn and their penetration in the country cannot be ignored by corporate managers who for the most part do not have a effective social media team. A host of local as well as multinational companies operating in Pakistan now see social media as an important marketing tool to promote their brands Baloch (2012) In 2010, business professionals took social media seriously, Social media growth immensely increase by personal users and businesses adoptability. In this year Face book has 600 million users and they are heading towards one billion mark. 20 million people become fan of pages per day, 60 million status updates per day, The average time for users spend is more than 55 minutes. Over 2 billion videos are uploaded in YouTube and 46% of internet users are interact with social media on daily basic. Schrum (2011) As our chosen topic depends on exploratory research so these articles encourage us to determine how social media are effective to target youth of Karachi. Social media uniqueness is to target mass audience by individually and looking to meet new potential consumer. In social media Face book, YouTube and LinkedIn have major growth and it reaches mass audience and youth as well. SOCIAL MEDIA, YOUTH AND PAKISTAN: In the last 10 years Pakistan social media sector growth increase unexpectedly. With the population exceeding over 180 million there is 20 million users connected to internet which is 12% of its population which are much bigger then India 5% of internet users in total population. In Face book there is over 5 million Pakistani users which is 15% of Face book total users and more than half of them lies age between 18 to 24. In 2010 Flood strike in Pakistan than with the help of social media youth of Pakistan utilize social media platform by minute to minute updates in stricken area and motivate the whole population to contribute in relief efforts so there is a huge revelation and impact on social media in the youth of Pakistan. Inam (2011) Social medias impact on youth marketing: Now social media plays an important role in youth life style and companies targeting youth by social networking because it becomes culture in youth to use Face book, YouTube and LinkedIn on daily bases. Usage of Smartphone is also very common in youth to reach social networking because in universities and colleges there is a policy to limit social networking within class timing or working hours so youth now have a Smartphone to reach social websites easily by their pocket phones. In Face book and LinkedIn companies develop pages and put advertisement on it and it has options of like and comment which gives them insight of youth liking and disliking and they collaborating each others as a result of that companies create huge brand image even before its product launch. Blogging is also very effective social media tool to target youth in which companies create discussion section in order to get opinions about brands and services and platform become the source of research, marketing stra tegies and development. Misa (2011) RESEARCHERS THOUGHTS Social media websites like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn come with unbelievable techniques to communicate with family, colleges, friends and also market your product in that effective manner that the users of that sites can like your product. All the previous researches that have been done on social media as an effective medium to target the youth has come on that conclusions that social media can be a very handful tool for the companies to market their product. Murdough (2009) have positively agreed on the potential of social media but ike any other marketing tool it is difficult to gauge the kind of impact that it lays on the masses. Through many research surveys the results that came out that identifies that many young peoples age group (18-25) are the more users of networking sites (facebook, twitter, linkdin) then any other age group and due to that these social networking sites are experiencing dramatic world wide growth. Moreover, researchers have contented that the perceived benefit of use of social networking sites achieve network externalities in which positive feedback produces more and more users, thereby increasing its social platform (Powell 2009). Most of the researchers have agreed on Facebook as its statistics indicates that its members are swiftly increasing day by day because its provides a new method of communicating employing computers as a collaborative tool to accelerate group formation and escalate group scope and influence allowing users to present themselves, connect to a social network, and develop and maintain relationship with others. Facebook is being widely used all over the world as it stats tells as compare to the other social networking sites so many researches are giving positive comments about Facebook. As the social media marketing is increasing day by day as many researches have identified in their research so the companies are likely to be taking social media component for their product promotion and marketing very seriously because enhanced engagement in social media has features such as increased speed with which information can be gathered and transmitted, greater volume of information that is easily accessible, more flexibility in how and when information is accessed and much great opportunity to interact with others I a range of context using text, audio or video. However in my opinion social media have has altered the media marketing paradigm by defining the new set of relationships between young people and organizations in which marketing and organizations have become pervasive, creating new hybrid forms that blend communications, content and commerce. Common Theories: Well there are most of the things that are common in every previous research that has been done on social media marketing as an effective medium to target the youth. As social media being a very popular medium among the youth so it has an influence on the purchasing decision. In todays digital-focused marketing environment, the internet as a communication and transaction channel adds two more inputs and influencers of buying behavior to the model. The first one is online marketing mix, which basically represents the controllable online experiences provided by the corporate. The second one is the social media experiences which are by and large beyond the marketers control. In my opinion the social media has a very good impact on the purchasing decision of the users because due to various techniques that many companies are using to promote their product on social media can attract users and they like d that product and ultimately buy it. Various researches have established framework s for social issues that have been discussed by most of the researches in their respective research. Social issues like In (health, education, environment, politics, safetyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..e.t.c). Many researchers have described in their social marketing campaigns however, the model of communication for social change describes this interactive process best where by a social change in a community improves the health and welfare of all its members, driven by dialogue and collective action. Current scenario: According to the researchers Pakistan is a developing nation where digital networked technologies and new media platforms are just emerging (Yusuf 2008). Although many concluded that that availability of digital technologies and social media platforms facilitates democratic practices and participatory behavior, whether this is equally true for developing countries like Pakistan, is debatable. Most of the researches agues that the ability to use digital technologies and new media meaningfully, impacts participatory behavior and civic action, which is often overcome through the combined use of different technologies and concludes that new media platforms are increasingly effective as tools for community organizing and information dissemination. According to the different stats Pakistan has quit significant numbers of the users of social media that have an active account on different social networking site so they can be targeted through that medium. Our study is based on the topic social media as an effective medium to target the youth of Karachi as Pakistan has quit significant of users on social networking sites and especially Karachi has been amoung the largest city in Pakistan and majority of users resides in Karachi according to the study more then half of the users lie between the age group of 18-24 can be targeted through social media and most of the companies are now working on that. In many previous researches most of the researchers used Exploratory research approach because this is an develop theory we just have to identified whether it is effective or not we just have to testify that so exploratory approach can be used and in my opinion it us the correct approach that is being used. Qualitative methodology being used commonly in previous researches. This is survey research so the Questionnaire being used as an instrument to collect the data because in this type of study you have to gather the thoughts of different users who use the social media network sites so in my opinion this is the best instrument for collecting the data because on the basis of the users opinions you can improve your promoting techniques to promote your product on social media. Conclusion: Analysis of the previous researches and related articles have indicates that social media is a very important tool for networking among youngsters. As they are using these websites and their numbers are increasing day by day. In Pakistan the users are also increasing day by day and these are the good signs for the company who are working in Pakistan. These websites are helping the users to build their professional contacts and provides the users with various networking applications that make them hooked on to these social media websites. There is also an increasing trend among youngsters to buy products online through these websites so thats makes marketers to realized the importance of social media website as an essential component of integrated marketing communications. So many companies are driving different research methods to target the youth effectively on social media. Promotion on social media can actually encourage constant interaction with the customers, gaining an insight on their like and preferences and problems associated with the products. So through analysis of all the previous evidence it assures that social media marketing is an effective tool to target the youth.